Difference between revisions of "Walloon/Grammar"

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Examples:
 
Examples:
−
* Masculine (singular): {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}} ("horse")
+
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}}
  
−
* Masculine (plural): {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}} ("horses")
+
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}}
  
−
* Feminine (singular): {{morphTest|båshele{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|båshele}}
+
* {{morphTest|båshel{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|båshele}}
  
 
===Pronoun===
 
===Pronoun===
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Examples:
 
Examples:
−
* 1st person singular subject: {{morphTest|dji{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|dji}} ("I")
+
* {{morphTest|dji{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|dji}}
−
* 1st person plural subject: {{morphTest|nos{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos}} ("we")
+
* {{morphTest|nos{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos}}
−
* 3rd person singular subject: {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} ("he/she/it")
+
* {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}}
  
 
===Adjective===
 
===Adjective===
 
Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.)
 
Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.)
 
Examples:
 
Examples:
−
* Masculine singular: {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}} ("tall, big")
+
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}}
−
* Feminine singular: {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}} ("tall, big")
+
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}}
−
* Feminine plural: {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|grandès}} ("tall, big")
+
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|grandès}}
  
−
===Determinant===
+
===Determiner===
 
Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.)
 
Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.)
 
Examples:
 
Examples:
−
* Indefinite article (masculine singular): {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}|on}} ("a")
+
* {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|on}}
−
* Indefinite article (feminine singular): {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}|ene}} ("a")
+
* {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ene}}
−
* Definite article (plural): {{morphTest|les{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|les}} ("the")
+
* {{morphTest|les{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|les}}
  
 
===Verb===
 
===Verb===
 
Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc.  
 
Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc.  
 
Examples:
 
Examples:
−
* 1st person singular (present): {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}|tchant-e}} ("I sing")
+
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
−
* 2nd person singular (present): {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}|tchant-es}} ("you sing")
+
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tchantes}}
−
* 3rd person plural (present): {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}|tchant-èt}} ("they sing")
 
  
 
== Adjective Gender Marks ==
 
== Adjective Gender Marks ==
−
Adjectives (often) have separate masculine vs. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes.
+
Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes.
  
−
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}|grand}}
+
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}}
−
* {{morphTest|grande{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}|grande}}
+
* {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}}
−
* {{morphTest|gris{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}|gris}}
+
* {{morphTest|disgostant{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|disgostant}}
−
* {{morphTest|grijhe{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}|grijhe}}
+
* {{morphTest|disgostant{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|disgostante}}
−
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}|candjeye}}
+
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|candjeye}}
  
−
== Regular Present Tense (Verbs) ==
+
== Present Indicative Tense (Verbs) ==
 
Regular present tense is (often) formed by changing the verb ending, depending on person/number.
 
Regular present tense is (often) formed by changing the verb ending, depending on person/number.
  
−
* 1st person singular: {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|dji tchante}}
+
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
−
* 2nd person singular: {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ti tchantes}}
+
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tchantes}}
−
* 3rd person singular: {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|il tchante}}
+
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}}
−
* 1st person plural: {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos tchantans}}
+
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|tchantans}}
−
* 2nd person plural: {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|vos tchantez}}
+
* {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|tchantez}}
 +
 
 +
== Future Tense (Verbs) ==
 +
Regular future adds "-r" to stem.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrè}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrès}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|candjrè}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|candjrans}}
 +
* {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|candjroz}}
 +
 
 +
== Regularly Irregular Verbs ==
 +
Many irregular verbs make situation-specific modifications to avoid consonant clusters. Usually, when a stem ends 2+ consonants, the final double consonant is disallowed.
 +
 
 +
The first predominant method is to, if the root ends in "rer", "ler", "ner" (cosonant + r/l/n + -er) an epenthetic vowel is inserted:
 +
* {{morphTest|mostrer{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mostere}}
 +
* {{morphTest|mostrer{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|mosterront}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sofler{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|sofele}}
 +
 
 +
Or, if the stem ends in a consonant before "ter", "ler", "ner", "der", "ker", then the silent final "e"/"eye":
 +
* {{morphTest|disfoyter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|disfoyteye}}
 +
 
 +
== Noun Number ==
 +
Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced).
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|djot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|djote}}
 +
* {{morphTest|djot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|djotes}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}}
 +
* {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}}
 +
* {{morphTest|dent{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|dents}}
 +
 
 +
== Noun Gender ==
 +
Like adjectives, nouns can take masculine v.s. feminine forms. This usually occurs through suffixes ("-e", "-esse"), and at times form is distinct.
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|berdelåd{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|berdelåd}}
 +
* {{morphTest|berdelåd{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|berdelåde}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sot{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|sot}}
 +
* {{morphTest|sot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|sote}}
 +
* {{morphTest|monnî{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|monnî}}
 +
* {{morphTest|monnî{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|monnresse}}
 +
 
 +
== Indefinite and Partitive Articles ==
 +
Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some".
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|on}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ene}}
 +
* {{morphTest|des{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}}|des}}
 +
* {{morphTest|do{{tag|det}}{{tag|part}}{{tag|m}}|do}}
 +
* {{morphTest|del{{tag|det}}{{tag|part}}{{tag|f}}|del}}
 +
 
 +
== Possessive Determiners ==
 +
Possessive determiner marking is dependent/varies on the possessor (person, number).
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|mi{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|mi}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ti{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|ti}}
 +
* {{morphTest|si{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|si}}
 +
* {{morphTest|nos{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos}}
 +
* {{morphTest|leu{{tag|det}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|leu}}
  
 
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Grammar documentation]] [[Category: Walloon]]
 
[[Category: sp25_GrammarDocumentation]] [[Category:Grammar documentation]] [[Category: Walloon]]

Latest revision as of 23:35, 19 March 2025

Parts of Speech

Noun

Sometimes mark gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural), either in article or certain suffixes.

Examples:

  • tchvå<n><m><sg> ↔ tchvå
  • tchvå<n><m><pl> ↔ tchvås
  • båshel<n><f><sg> ↔ båshele

Pronoun

Personal pronouns vary by person, number, gender, and function syntactically (subject, reflexive, object, etc.)

Examples:

  • dji<prn><p1><sg> ↔ dji
  • nos<prn><p1><pl> ↔ nos
  • i<prn><p3><sg> ↔ i

Adjective

Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.) Examples:

  • grand<adj><m><sg> ↔ grand
  • grand<adj><f><sg> ↔ grande
  • grand<adj><f><pl> ↔ grandès

Determiner

Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.) Examples:

  • on<det><ind><m><sg> ↔ on
  • ene<det><ind><f><sg> ↔ ene
  • les<det><def><pl> ↔ les

Verb

Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc. Examples:

  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tchantes

Adjective Gender Marks

Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes.

  • grand<adj><m><sg> ↔ grand
  • grand<adj><f><sg> ↔ grande
  • disgostant<adj><m><sg> ↔ disgostant
  • disgostant<adj><f><sg> ↔ disgostante
  • candjî<adj><f><sg> ↔ candjeye

Present Indicative Tense (Verbs)

Regular present tense is (often) formed by changing the verb ending, depending on person/number.

  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tchantes
  • tchanter<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ tchante
  • tchanter<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ tchantans
  • tchanter<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ tchantez

Future Tense (Verbs)

Regular future adds "-r" to stem.

  • candjî<v><fut><p1><sg> ↔ candjrè
  • candjî<v><fut><p2><sg> ↔ candjrès
  • candjî<v><fut><p3><sg> ↔ candjrè
  • candjî<v><fut><p1><pl> ↔ candjrans
  • candjî<v><fut><p2><pl> ↔ candjroz

Regularly Irregular Verbs

Many irregular verbs make situation-specific modifications to avoid consonant clusters. Usually, when a stem ends 2+ consonants, the final double consonant is disallowed.

The first predominant method is to, if the root ends in "rer", "ler", "ner" (cosonant + r/l/n + -er) an epenthetic vowel is inserted:

  • mostrer<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ mostere
  • mostrer<v><fut><p3><pl> ↔ mosterront
  • sofler<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ sofele

Or, if the stem ends in a consonant before "ter", "ler", "ner", "der", "ker", then the silent final "e"/"eye":

  • disfoyter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ disfoyteye

Noun Number

Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced).

  • djot<n><f><sg> ↔ djote
  • djot<n><f><pl> ↔ djotes
  • tchvå<n><m><sg> ↔ tchvå
  • tchvå<n><m><pl> ↔ tchvås
  • dent<n><m><pl> ↔ dents

Noun Gender

Like adjectives, nouns can take masculine v.s. feminine forms. This usually occurs through suffixes ("-e", "-esse"), and at times form is distinct.

  • berdelåd<n><m><sg> ↔ berdelåd
  • berdelåd<n><f><sg> ↔ berdelåde
  • sot<n><m><sg> ↔ sot
  • sot<n><f><sg> ↔ sote
  • monnî<n><m><sg> ↔ monnî
  • monnî<n><f><sg> ↔ monnresse

Indefinite and Partitive Articles

Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some".

  • on<det><ind><m><sg> ↔ on
  • ene<det><ind><f><sg> ↔ ene
  • des<det><ind><pl> ↔ des
  • do<det><part><m> ↔ do
  • del<det><part><f> ↔ del

Possessive Determiners

Possessive determiner marking is dependent/varies on the possessor (person, number).

  • mi<det><poss><p1><sg> ↔ mi
  • ti<det><poss><p2><sg> ↔ ti
  • si<det><poss><p3><sg> ↔ si
  • nos<det><poss><p1><pl> ↔ nos
  • leu<det><poss><p3><pl> ↔ leu
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