Difference between revisions of "Walloon/Grammar"
From LING073
(→Present Indicative Tense (Verbs)) |
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|båshel{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|båshele}} |
===Pronoun=== | ===Pronoun=== | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|dji{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|dji}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|nos{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|nos}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|i}} |
===Adjective=== | ===Adjective=== | ||
Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.) | Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.) | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|grandès}} |
===Determiner=== | ===Determiner=== | ||
Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.) | Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.) | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|on}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ene}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|les{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|les}} |
===Verb=== | ===Verb=== | ||
Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc. | Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc. | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tchante}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|tchanter{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tchantes}} |
| − | |||
== Adjective Gender Marks == | == Adjective Gender Marks == | ||
Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes. | Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes. | ||
| − | * {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}|grand}} | + | * {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|grand}} |
| − | * {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}|grande}} | + | * {{morphTest|grand{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|grande}} |
| − | * {{morphTest| | + | * {{morphTest|disgostant{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|disgostant}} |
| − | * {{morphTest| | + | * {{morphTest|disgostant{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|disgostante}} |
| − | * {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}|candjeye}} | + | * {{morphTest|candjî{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|candjeye}} |
== Present Indicative Tense (Verbs) == | == Present Indicative Tense (Verbs) == | ||
| Line 81: | Line 80: | ||
Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced). | Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced). | ||
| − | * {{morphTest| | + | * {{morphTest|djot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|djote}} |
| − | * {{morphTest| | + | * {{morphTest|djot{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|pl}}|djotes}} |
| − | * {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}} | + | * {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|tchvå}} |
| − | * {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}} | + | * {{morphTest|tchvå{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|tchvås}} |
| − | * {{morphTest|dent{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|dents}} | + | * {{morphTest|dent{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|dents}} |
== Noun Gender == | == Noun Gender == | ||
| Line 100: | Line 99: | ||
Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some". | Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some". | ||
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|on{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}|on}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|ene{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}|ene}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|des{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}}|des}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|do{{tag|det}}{{tag|part}}{{tag|m}}|do}} |
| − | * | + | * {{morphTest|del{{tag|det}}{{tag|part}}{{tag|f}}|del}} |
== Possessive Determiners == | == Possessive Determiners == | ||
Latest revision as of 23:35, 19 March 2025
Contents
Parts of Speech
Noun
Sometimes mark gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural), either in article or certain suffixes.
Examples:
- tchvå<n><m><sg> ↔ tchvå
- tchvå<n><m><pl> ↔ tchvås
- båshel<n><f><sg> ↔ båshele
Pronoun
Personal pronouns vary by person, number, gender, and function syntactically (subject, reflexive, object, etc.)
Examples:
- dji<prn><p1><sg> ↔ dji
- nos<prn><p1><pl> ↔ nos
- i<prn><p3><sg> ↔ i
Adjective
Show gender and number through -e, -s, with certain extra patterns for endings (-î/-ire, -s/-sse, etc.) Examples:
- grand<adj><m><sg> ↔ grand
- grand<adj><f><sg> ↔ grande
- grand<adj><f><pl> ↔ grandès
Determiner
Many articles and determiners (definite, indefinite, partitive, etc.) Examples:
- on<det><ind><m><sg> ↔ on
- ene<det><ind><f><sg> ↔ ene
- les<det><def><pl> ↔ les
Verb
Conjugated for tense, mood, person, number, etc. Examples:
- tchanter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tchante
- tchanter<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tchantes
Adjective Gender Marks
Adjectives (often) have separate masculine v.s. feminine forms. The masculine typically ends in a consonant, with the feminine typically adding "-e" or other suffixes.
- grand<adj><m><sg> ↔ grand
- grand<adj><f><sg> ↔ grande
- disgostant<adj><m><sg> ↔ disgostant
- disgostant<adj><f><sg> ↔ disgostante
- candjî<adj><f><sg> ↔ candjeye
Present Indicative Tense (Verbs)
Regular present tense is (often) formed by changing the verb ending, depending on person/number.
- tchanter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tchante
- tchanter<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tchantes
- tchanter<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ tchante
- tchanter<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ tchantans
- tchanter<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ tchantez
Future Tense (Verbs)
Regular future adds "-r" to stem.
- candjî<v><fut><p1><sg> ↔ candjrè
- candjî<v><fut><p2><sg> ↔ candjrès
- candjî<v><fut><p3><sg> ↔ candjrè
- candjî<v><fut><p1><pl> ↔ candjrans
- candjî<v><fut><p2><pl> ↔ candjroz
Regularly Irregular Verbs
Many irregular verbs make situation-specific modifications to avoid consonant clusters. Usually, when a stem ends 2+ consonants, the final double consonant is disallowed.
The first predominant method is to, if the root ends in "rer", "ler", "ner" (cosonant + r/l/n + -er) an epenthetic vowel is inserted:
- mostrer<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ mostere
- mostrer<v><fut><p3><pl> ↔ mosterront
- sofler<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ sofele
Or, if the stem ends in a consonant before "ter", "ler", "ner", "der", "ker", then the silent final "e"/"eye":
- disfoyter<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ disfoyteye
Noun Number
Plurals are generally formed by adding "-s" (though not always pronounced).
- djot<n><f><sg> ↔ djote
- djot<n><f><pl> ↔ djotes
- tchvå<n><m><sg> ↔ tchvå
- tchvå<n><m><pl> ↔ tchvås
- dent<n><m><pl> ↔ dents
Noun Gender
Like adjectives, nouns can take masculine v.s. feminine forms. This usually occurs through suffixes ("-e", "-esse"), and at times form is distinct.
- berdelåd<n><m><sg> ↔ berdelåd
- berdelåd<n><f><sg> ↔ berdelåde
- sot<n><m><sg> ↔ sot
- sot<n><f><sg> ↔ sote
- monnî<n><m><sg> ↔ monnî
- monnî<n><f><sg> ↔ monnresse
Indefinite and Partitive Articles
Indefinite articles ("on", "ene") indicate gender/number, partitive articles ("do", "del") indicate quantity ambiguously/"some".
- on<det><ind><m><sg> ↔ on
- ene<det><ind><f><sg> ↔ ene
- des<det><ind><pl> ↔ des
- do<det><part><m> ↔ do
- del<det><part><f> ↔ del
Possessive Determiners
Possessive determiner marking is dependent/varies on the possessor (person, number).
- mi<det><poss><p1><sg> ↔ mi
- ti<det><poss><p2><sg> ↔ ti
- si<det><poss><p3><sg> ↔ si
- nos<det><poss><p1><pl> ↔ nos
- leu<det><poss><p3><pl> ↔ leu
