Difference between revisions of "Shanghainese and Mandarin Chinese/Contrastive Grammar"
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===Direct/Indirect Object Ordering=== | ===Direct/Indirect Object Ordering=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Shanghainese places the direct object before the indirect object while Mandarin places the indirect object before the direct object. | ||
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|拔一把刀其。|给他一把刀。}} | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|拔一把刀其。|给他一把刀。}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho|拔{{tag|vblex}} 一{{tag|num}} 把{{tag|cls}} 刀{{tag|n}} 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|给{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 一{{tag|num}} 把{{tag|num}} 刀{{tag|n}} }} | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho|拔{{tag|vblex}} 一{{tag|num}} 把{{tag|cls}} 刀{{tag|n}} 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|给{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 一{{tag|num}} 把{{tag|num}} 刀{{tag|n}} }} | ||
| − | * {{transferTest|wuu| | + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|拔粥吾拉吃。|给我们粥吃。}} |
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho|拔{{tag|vblex}} 粥{{tag|n}} 吾拉{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} 吃{{tag|vblex}}|给{{tag|vblex}} 我们{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} 粥{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} }} | ||
===Verb Object Inversion=== | ===Verb Object Inversion=== | ||
| − | * | + | Shanghainese prefers to put the object before the verb in questions, while Mandarin prefers to keep the object after the verb. |
| − | * | + | |
| + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|侬饭吃了伐？|你吃饭了吗？}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 侬{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 饭{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} 伐{{tag|qst}} | 你{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 饭{{tag|n}} 了{{tag|part}} 吗{{tag|qst}} }} | ||
| − | * | + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|侬英文讲得来伐？|你会说英语吗？}} |
| − | * | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 侬{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 英文{{tag|n}} 讲{{tag|vblex}} 得{{tag|part}} 来{{tag|vaux}} 伐{{tag|qst}} | 你{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 会{{tag|vaux}} 说{{tag|vblex}} 英语{{tag|n}} 吗{{tag|qst}} }} |
===Demonstrative Elision=== | ===Demonstrative Elision=== | ||
| − | * | + | Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped. |
| − | * | + | |
| + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|(搿)只鸡一眼也不好吃。|这只鸡一点也不好吃。}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 搿{{tag|det}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一眼{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} | 这{{tag|prn}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一点{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} }} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一眼{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} | 这{{tag|prn}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一点{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} }} | ||
| − | * | + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|其拿(伊)本书落脱了。|他把那本书弄丟了。}} |
| − | * | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} 拿{{tag|part}} 伊{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 落脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 把{{tag|part}} 那{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 弄丟{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }} |
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} 拿{{tag|part}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 落脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 把{{tag|part}} 那{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 弄丟{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }} | ||
===Adjective Intensity=== | ===Adjective Intensity=== | ||
| − | + | Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped. | |
| − | |||
| − | * | + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|今朝穿了搿件红兮兮个衬衫，我跑得出去伐？|今天穿了这件有点儿红的衬衫，我能走出去吗？}} |
| − | * | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| [...] 红{{tag|adj}} 兮兮{{tag|adv}} [...] | [...] 有点儿{{tag|adv}} 红{{tag|adj}} [...] }} |
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|头还痒兮兮伐？|头还有点痒吧？}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 头{{tag|n}} 还{{tag|adv}} 痒{{tag|adj}} 兮兮{{tag|adv}} 伐{{tag|part}} | 头{{tag|n}} 还{{tag|adv}} 有点{{tag|adv}} 痒{{tag|adj}} 吧{{tag|part}} }} | ||
===Passive Voice=== | ===Passive Voice=== | ||
| − | * | + | Passive voice in Shanghainese may be indistinguishable from active voice. |
| − | * | + | |
| − | * | + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|鸡吃过了。|鸡吃过了。}} (active) |
| − | * | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }} |
| + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|鸡吃过了。|鸡被吃过了。}} (passive) | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 鸡{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sometimes it's obvious whether the sentence is active or passive based on the object. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|吾吃过了。|我吃过了。}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 吾{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }} | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|苹果吃过了。|苹果被吃过了。}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 苹果{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 苹果{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }} | ||
| − | + | Generally, Shanghainese does not use a particle, unlike Mandarin, for passive voice. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | * | + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|搿两只桔子拔吾吃脱了。|这两个桔子被我吃掉了。}} |
| − | * | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 搿{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 两{{tag|num}} 只{{tag|cls}} 桔子{{tag|n}} 拔{{tag|part}} 吾{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 这{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 两{{tag|num}} 个{{tag|cls}} 桔子{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 我{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃掉{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }} |
| − | * | + | * {{transferTest|wuu|zho|*鸡拔吃过了。|鸡被吃过了。}} |
| − | |||
[[Category:Shanghainese]] | [[Category:Shanghainese]] | ||
[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]] | [[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:00, 24 April 2025
Contents
Differences between Shanghainese and Mandarin Chinese
Direct/Indirect Object Ordering
Shanghainese places the direct object before the indirect object while Mandarin places the indirect object before the direct object.
- (wuu) 拔一把刀其。 → (zho) 给他一把刀。
- (wuu) 拔<vblex> 一<num> 把<cls> 刀<n> 其<prn><pers><p3><sg> → (zho) 给<vblex> 他<prn><pers><p3><sg><m> 一<num> 把<num> 刀<n>
- (wuu) 拔粥吾拉吃。 → (zho) 给我们粥吃。
- (wuu) 拔<vblex> 粥<n> 吾拉<prn><pers><p1><pl> 吃<vblex> → (zho) 给<vblex> 我们<prn><pers><p1><pl> 粥<n> 吃<vblex>
Verb Object Inversion
Shanghainese prefers to put the object before the verb in questions, while Mandarin prefers to keep the object after the verb.
- (wuu) 侬饭吃了伐？ → (zho) 你吃饭了吗？
- (wuu) 侬<prn><pers><p2><sg> 饭<n> 吃<vblex> 了<part> 伐<qst> → (zho) 你<prn><pers><p2><sg> 吃<vblex> 饭<n> 了<part> 吗<qst>
- (wuu) 侬英文讲得来伐？ → (zho) 你会说英语吗？
- (wuu) 侬<prn><pers><p2><sg> 英文<n> 讲<vblex> 得<part> 来<vaux> 伐<qst> → (zho) 你<prn><pers><p2><sg> 会<vaux> 说<vblex> 英语<n> 吗<qst>
Demonstrative Elision
Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped.
- (wuu) (搿)只鸡一眼也不好吃。 → (zho) 这只鸡一点也不好吃。
- (wuu) 搿<det> 只<cls> 鸡<n> 一眼<adj> 也<adv> 不<adv> 好吃<adj> → (zho) 这<prn> 只<cls> 鸡<n> 一点<adj> 也<adv> 不<adv> 好吃<adj>
- (wuu) 只<cls> 鸡<n> 一眼<adj> 也<adv> 不<adv> 好吃<adj> → (zho) 这<prn> 只<cls> 鸡<n> 一点<adj> 也<adv> 不<adv> 好吃<adj>
- (wuu) 其拿(伊)本书落脱了。 → (zho) 他把那本书弄丟了。
- (wuu) 其<prn><pers><p3><sg> 拿<part> 伊<prn><dem> 本<cls> 书<n> 落脱<vblex> 了<part> → (zho) 他<prn><pers><p3><sg><m> 把<part> 那<prn><dem> 本<cls> 书<n> 弄丟<vblex> 了<part>
- (wuu) 其<prn><pers><p3><sg> 拿<part> 本<cls> 书<n> 落脱<vblex> 了<part> → (zho) 他<prn><pers><p3><sg><m> 把<part> 那<prn><dem> 本<cls> 书<n> 弄丟<vblex> 了<part>
Adjective Intensity
Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped.
- (wuu) 今朝穿了搿件红兮兮个衬衫，我跑得出去伐？ → (zho) 今天穿了这件有点儿红的衬衫，我能走出去吗？
- (wuu) [...] 红<adj> 兮兮<adv> [...] → (zho) [...] 有点儿<adv> 红<adj> [...]
- (wuu) 头还痒兮兮伐？ → (zho) 头还有点痒吧？
- (wuu) 头<n> 还<adv> 痒<adj> 兮兮<adv> 伐<part> → (zho) 头<n> 还<adv> 有点<adv> 痒<adj> 吧<part>
Passive Voice
Passive voice in Shanghainese may be indistinguishable from active voice.
- (wuu) 鸡吃过了。 → (zho) 鸡吃过了。 (active)
- (wuu) 鸡<n> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part> → (zho) 鸡<n> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part>
- (wuu) 鸡吃过了。 → (zho) 鸡被吃过了。 (passive)
- (wuu) 鸡<n> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part> → (zho) 鸡<n> 被<part> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part>
Sometimes it's obvious whether the sentence is active or passive based on the object.
- (wuu) 吾吃过了。 → (zho) 我吃过了。
- (wuu) 吾<prn><pers><p1><sg> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part> → (zho) 我<prn><pers><p1><sg> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part>
- (wuu) 苹果吃过了。 → (zho) 苹果被吃过了。
- (wuu) 苹果<n> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part> → (zho) 苹果<n> 被<part> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part>
Generally, Shanghainese does not use a particle, unlike Mandarin, for passive voice.
- (wuu) 搿两只桔子拔吾吃脱了。 → (zho) 这两个桔子被我吃掉了。
- (wuu) 搿<prn><dem> 两<num> 只<cls> 桔子<n> 拔<part> 吾<prn><pers><p1><sg> 吃脱<vblex> 了<part> → (zho) 这<prn><dem> 两<num> 个<cls> 桔子<n> 被<part> 我<prn><pers><p1><sg> 吃掉<vblex> 了<part>
- (wuu) *鸡拔吃过了。 → (zho) 鸡被吃过了。
