Difference between revisions of "Mandinka/Grammar"
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| + | This page highlights some important features of Mandinka grammar. | ||
| + | == Verbs == | ||
| + | === Gerunds === | ||
| + | For transitive verbs without an object, gerunds take on "roo" at the end of the verb. | ||
| − | + | * {{morphTest|domo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|domoroo}}, to eat, eating | |
| − | woolu | + | * {{morphTest|loo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|looroo}}, to build, building |
| + | * {{morphTest|saŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|sandiroo}}, to buy, buying | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|waafi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|waafiroo}}, to sell, selling | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|suuñaa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|suuñaaroo}}, to steal, stealing | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|kantandi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|kantandiroo}}, to wait, waiting | ||
| + | |||
| + | For transitive verbs with an object, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{morphTest|domo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|domoo}}, to eat, eating | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|loo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|loo}}, to build, building | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|saŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|saŋo}}, to buy, buying | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|waafi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|waafoo}}, to sell, selling | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|miŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|miŋo}}, to drink, drinking | ||
| + | |||
| + | For intransitive verbs, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb as well. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{morphTest|díyaamu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|diyaamoo}}, speak/speaking | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|taama{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|taamoo}}, to walk/walking | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|kuu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|kuuwoo}}, to bathe/bathing | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|siinoo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|siinoo}}, to sleep/sleeping | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|bori{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|boroo}}, to run/running | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Infinitives === | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|díyaamu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}}|díyaamu}}, speak/speaking | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|taama{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}}|taama}}, to walk/walking | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|kuu{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}}|kuu}}, to bathe/bathing | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|siinoo{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}}|siinoo}}, to sleep/sleeping | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|bori{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}}|bori}}, to run/running | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|tiiñaa{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}}|tiiñaa}}, to destroy/destroying | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|kanju{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}}|kanju}}, to defend/defending | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|kantandi{{tag|v}}{{tag|inf}}|kantandi}}, to wait, waiting | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Negative Auxiliaries === | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|be{{tag|vbmod}}|be}}, is/was | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|be{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|neg}}|te}}, is not/was not | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|ñanta{{tag|vbmod}}|ñanta}}, should | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|ñanta{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|neg}}|ñaŋ}}, shouldn´t | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|ye{{tag|vbmod}}|ye}}, did | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|ye{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|neg}}|maŋ}}, did not | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Related Auxiliaries === | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|la{{tag|post}}|la}}, is/will/shall | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|kaŋ{{tag|vaux}}|kaŋ}}, -ing | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|ke{{tag|vbdo}}|ke}}, do | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Adverbs== | ||
| + | In Mandinka, adverbs are classified as either general or specific. Specific adverbs are applicable only to specific verbs and/or adjectives, whereas general adverbs apply to a number of verbs and/or adjectives. For general adjectives, the typical format is to add "ke" to the end of the verb. | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|tariyaa{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|tariyaake}}, quick/quickly | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|kende{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|kendeke}}, very well | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|bete{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|beteke}}, very well | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|jawu{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|jawuke}}, severely | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|banban{{tag|adj}}{{tag|advl}}|banbanke}}, tightly | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Nouns== | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Plurals === | ||
| + | Nouns in Mandinka take "lu" at the end to form plurals. | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|woo{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}|woolu}} , that/those | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|kalaa{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kalaalu}}, a pen/pens | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|motoo{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|motoolu}}, a vehicle/vehicles | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|suloo{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|suloolu}}, a monkey/monkeys | ||
| + | * {{morphTest|musoo{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|musoolu}}, a woman/women | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category: Mandinka]] | ||
| + | [[Category: sp26_GrammarDocumentation]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:28, 17 March 2026
This page highlights some important features of Mandinka grammar.
Contents
Verbs
Gerunds
For transitive verbs without an object, gerunds take on "roo" at the end of the verb.
- domo<v><tv><ger> ↔ domoroo, to eat, eating
- loo<v><tv><ger> ↔ looroo, to build, building
- saŋ<v><tv><ger> ↔ sandiroo, to buy, buying
- waafi<v><tv><ger> ↔ waafiroo, to sell, selling
- suuñaa<v><tv><ger> ↔ suuñaaroo, to steal, stealing
- kantandi<v><tv><ger> ↔ kantandiroo, to wait, waiting
For transitive verbs with an object, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb.
- domo<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ domoo, to eat, eating
- loo<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ loo, to build, building
- saŋ<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ saŋo, to buy, buying
- waafi<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ waafoo, to sell, selling
- miŋ<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ miŋo, to drink, drinking
For intransitive verbs, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb as well.
- díyaamu<v><iv><ger> ↔ diyaamoo, speak/speaking
- taama<v><iv><ger> ↔ taamoo, to walk/walking
- kuu<v><iv><ger> ↔ kuuwoo, to bathe/bathing
- siinoo<v><iv><ger> ↔ siinoo, to sleep/sleeping
- bori<v><iv><ger> ↔ boroo, to run/running
Infinitives
- díyaamu<v><inf> ↔ díyaamu, speak/speaking
- taama<v><inf> ↔ taama, to walk/walking
- kuu<v><inf> ↔ kuu, to bathe/bathing
- siinoo<v><inf> ↔ siinoo, to sleep/sleeping
- bori<v><inf> ↔ bori, to run/running
- tiiñaa<v><inf> ↔ tiiñaa, to destroy/destroying
- kanju<v><inf> ↔ kanju, to defend/defending
- kantandi<v><inf> ↔ kantandi, to wait, waiting
Negative Auxiliaries
- be<vbmod> ↔ be, is/was
- be<vbmod><neg> ↔ te, is not/was not
- ñanta<vbmod> ↔ ñanta, should
- ñanta<vbmod><neg> ↔ ñaŋ, shouldn´t
- ye<vbmod> ↔ ye, did
- ye<vbmod><neg> ↔ maŋ, did not
Related Auxiliaries
- la<post> ↔ la, is/will/shall
- kaŋ<vaux> ↔ kaŋ, -ing
- ke<vbdo> ↔ ke, do
Adverbs
In Mandinka, adverbs are classified as either general or specific. Specific adverbs are applicable only to specific verbs and/or adjectives, whereas general adverbs apply to a number of verbs and/or adjectives. For general adjectives, the typical format is to add "ke" to the end of the verb.
- tariyaa<adj><advl> ↔ tariyaake, quick/quickly
- kende<adj><advl> ↔ kendeke, very well
- bete<adj><advl> ↔ beteke, very well
- jawu<adj><advl> ↔ jawuke, severely
- banban<adj><advl> ↔ banbanke, tightly
Nouns
Plurals
Nouns in Mandinka take "lu" at the end to form plurals.
- woo<det><dem><pl> ↔ woolu , that/those
- kalaa<n><pl> ↔ kalaalu, a pen/pens
- motoo<n><pl> ↔ motoolu, a vehicle/vehicles
- suloo<n><pl> ↔ suloolu, a monkey/monkeys
- musoo<n><pl> ↔ musoolu, a woman/women
