Difference between revisions of "Kickapoo/Grammar"

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== Hi ==
 
  
 
== Nouns ==
 
== Nouns ==
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*In order for a noun to be considered animate, it must be organic, i.e., it must have to be perceived as a living entity. Also, sacred ceremonial objects, including musical instruments, that don’t usually meet the normal animacy requirements can be considered animate (Whittaker, 2006:2). For the most part, nouns are considered animate if they can move on their own.
 
*In order for a noun to be considered animate, it must be organic, i.e., it must have to be perceived as a living entity. Also, sacred ceremonial objects, including musical instruments, that don’t usually meet the normal animacy requirements can be considered animate (Whittaker, 2006:2). For the most part, nouns are considered animate if they can move on their own.
−
** {{morphTest|anemoh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|anemoha}}
+
** {{morphTest|anemoh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|anemoha}} - (dog)
−
** {{morphTest|pesia{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|pesiaa}}
+
** {{morphTest|pesia{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|pesiaa}} - (cat)
−
** {{morphTest|wiiskenoh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|wiiskenoha}}
+
** {{morphTest|wiiskenoh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|wiiskenoha}} - (bird)
−
** {{morphTest|ahkhkw{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|ahkhkwa}}
+
** {{morphTest|ahkhkw{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|ahkhkwa}} - (drum)
−
** {{morphTest|aathan{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|aathana}}
+
** {{morphTest|aathan{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|aathana}} - (Jade stone)
−
** {{morphTest|miikona{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|miikonaa}}
+
** {{morphTest|miikona{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|miikonaa}} - (feather)
  
−
{{comment|are these plural forms? -JNW}}
+
''Note: The last three nouns are traditionally considered animate by the Kickapoo language when used in a ceremonial way.''
  
 
=== Inanimate Nouns ===
 
=== Inanimate Nouns ===
 
*Inanimate nouns end in -i, which is the marker for ‘INANIMATE.’ Inanimate nouns are considered to be inorganic nonliving entities that do not move on their own, breathe, and are not found in a ceremony.
 
*Inanimate nouns end in -i, which is the marker for ‘INANIMATE.’ Inanimate nouns are considered to be inorganic nonliving entities that do not move on their own, breathe, and are not found in a ceremony.
−
** {{morphTest|aikaachikan{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|aikaachikani}}
+
** {{morphTest|aikaachikan{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|aikaachikani}} - (pencil.pen.camera)
−
** {{morphTest|menwaachikan{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|menwaachikani}}
+
** {{morphTest|menwaachikan{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|menwaachikani}} - (cup)
−
** {{morphTest|pakachikan{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|pakachikani}}
+
** {{morphTest|pakachikan{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|pakachikani}} - (hammer)
−
** {{morphTest|makatheh{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|makathehi}}
+
** {{morphTest|makatheh{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|makathehi}} - (shoe)
−
** {{morphTest|motaahi{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|motaahii}}
+
** {{morphTest|motaahi{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|motaahii}} - (bottle)
  
 +
=== Noun Inflection (Posession) ===
  
−
=== Noun Inflection (Posession) ===
+
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70%; text-align: left;"
 +
! Prefix
 +
! Person/Number
 +
! Gloss
 +
|-
 +
| ''ne-''
 +
| ‘1SG’
 +
| ‘mine’
 +
|-
 +
| ''ke-''
 +
| ‘2SG’
 +
| ‘your’
 +
|-
 +
| ''o-''
 +
| ‘3SG’
 +
| ‘his/hers’
 +
|-
 +
| ''ne-enaan-''
 +
| ‘1PL.EXCL’
 +
| ‘ours. EXCL’
 +
|-
 +
| ''ke-enaan-''
 +
| ‘1PL.INCL’
 +
| ‘ours. INCL’
 +
|-
 +
| ''ke-waa-''
 +
| ‘2PL’
 +
| ‘your. PL’
 +
|-
 +
| ''o-waa-''
 +
| ‘3PL’
 +
| ‘their’
 +
|}
  
−
** {{morphTest|makatheh{{tag|px1sg}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|nemakathehi}}
+
''Source:'' Voorhis (1974:29).
−
** {{morphTest|makatheh{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|kemakathehi}}
 
−
** {{morphTest|makatheh{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}|omakathehi}}
 
−
** {{morphTest|okometh{{tag|px1sg}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|nokometha}}
 
−
** {{morphTest|okometh{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}|kokomethaki}}
 
  
−
{{comment|The px* tags are grammatical tags and should come after POS tags (like n) and subcategory tags (like aa). -JNW}}
+
** {{morphTest|makatheh{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|px1sg}}|nemakathehi}} - (my shoe)
 +
** {{morphTest|makatheh{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|px2sg}}|kemakathehi}} - (your shoe)
 +
** {{morphTest|makatheh{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|px3sg}}|omakathehi}} - (his/her shoe)
 +
** {{morphTest|okometh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|px1sg}}|nokometha}} - (my grandma)
 +
** {{morphTest|okometh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|px2sg}}|kokometha}} - (your grandma)
  
 
=== Plural Nouns ===
 
=== Plural Nouns ===
 +
Kickapoo nouns can be either singular or plural. The suffixes used to form the plural for animate nouns differ from the suffixes used to form plural inanimate nouns.
 +
 +
* Singular animate nouns end in ''-a''
 +
* Plural animate nouns end in ''-ki'' 
 +
* Singular inanimate nouns end in ''-i''
 +
* Plural inanimate nouns end in ''-ani''
 
==== Animate Nouns ====
 
==== Animate Nouns ====
−
** {{morphTest|kwiyetheeh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|pl}}|kwiyetheehaki}}
+
** {{morphTest|kwiyetheeh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|pl}}|kwiyetheehaki}} - (boys)
−
** {{morphTest|okometh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|pl}}|okomathaki}}
+
** {{morphTest|okometh{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|pl}}|okomathaki}} - (grandmas)
−
** {{morphTest|sooniyaah{{tag|n}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|pl}}|sooniyaahani}}
 
  
 
==== Inanimate Nouns ====
 
==== Inanimate Nouns ====
−
** {{morphTest|aikaachi{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|pl}}|aikaachikanani}}
+
** {{morphTest|aikaachikan{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|pl}}|aikaachikanani}} - (pencils.pens.cameras)
−
** {{morphTest|sooniyaahem{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|pl}}|sooniyaahemani}}
+
** {{morphTest|motaahi{{tag|n}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|pl}}|motaahiani}} - (bottles)
−
 
 
  
 
== Verb ==
 
== Verb ==
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==== Person ====
 
==== Person ====
 +
 
*There are fourteen pronominal categories in Kickapoo. Various pronominal affixes are used to distinguish these pronominal categories.
 
*There are fourteen pronominal categories in Kickapoo. Various pronominal affixes are used to distinguish these pronominal categories.
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|tv}}|Nemeskothi}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nemeskothi}} - (I am red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|tv}}|Kemeskothi}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}|kemeskothi}} - (you are red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|tv}}|Meskothiwa}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_3sg}}|meskothiwa}} - (s/he is red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|p4}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|tv}}|Meskothiniani}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_4sg}}|meskothiniani}} - (4th person s/he is red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|iv}}|meskwaawi}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|s_3sg}}|meskwaawi}} - (it [inanimate] is red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|p4}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|iv}}|meskwaanii}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|s_4sg}}|meskwaanii}} - (4th person it [inanimate] is red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|tv}}|Meskothiwaki}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_3pl}}|meskothiwaki}} - (they are red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|tv}}|Meskothiniahi}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_4pl}}|meskothiniahi}} - (4th person they are red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|p4}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|tv}}|meskwaani}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|s_3pl}}|meskwaani}} - (they [inanimate] are red)
−
** {{morphTest|meskothi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|p4}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|iv}}|meskwaaniiani}}
+
** {{morphTest|meskw{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|s_4pl}}|meskwaaniiani}} - (4th person [inanimate][pl] are red)
  
−
=== Transitivity ===
+
=== Locative ===
 +
 
 +
*The locative enclitic [-eki] can suffice in describing that an object is ‘in/at/on’ an object.
 +
** {{morphTest|atoopoon{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|atoopooneki}} - (in/at/on the table)
  
 
=== Tense ===
 
=== Tense ===
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==== Future Tense ====
 
==== Future Tense ====
  
−
The future tense is marked by the prefix iih– which is attached immediately before the verb root.
+
*The future tense is marked by the prefix iih– which is attached immediately before the verb root.
−
** {{morphTest|namatho{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}|niihnamatho}}
+
** {{morphTest|namatho{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|niihnamatho}} - (I will stand)
−
** {{morphTest|nimi{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}|iihnimiaani}}
+
** {{morphTest|nimi{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|iihnimiaani}} - (I will dance)
  
 
==== First Aorist ====
 
==== First Aorist ====
  
 
The first aorist is used to denote actions that have begun at the time of speaking and generally equate the English present and past tense. The first aorist expresses a meaning equivalent of the present progressive, present, and past tenses in English:
 
The first aorist is used to denote actions that have begun at the time of speaking and generally equate the English present and past tense. The first aorist expresses a meaning equivalent of the present progressive, present, and past tenses in English:
−
** {{morphTest|namatho{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|aor}}|nenamatho}}
+
** {{morphTest|namatho{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|aor_1}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nenamatho}} - (I'm standing, I stand, I stood)
  
 
==== Second Aorist ====
 
==== Second Aorist ====
  
 
For the second aorist, actions are considered to have been begun but remain incomplete at the time of speaking. The second aorist is marked with a prefix eeh–.
 
For the second aorist, actions are considered to have been begun but remain incomplete at the time of speaking. The second aorist is marked with a prefix eeh–.
−
** {{morphTest|namatho{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|2aor}}|eehnamathoaani}}
+
** {{morphTest|namatho{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|aor_2}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|eehnamathoaani}} - (when I was standing)
 +
 
 
==== Third Aorist ====
 
==== Third Aorist ====
  
Line 90: Line 131:
 
marked with a vowel change.  
 
marked with a vowel change.  
  
−
** {{morphTest|meno{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|3aor}}|meenoaani}}
+
** {{morphTest|meno{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|aor_3}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|meenoaani}} - (when I had finished drinking)
  
 
=== Aspect ===
 
=== Aspect ===
  
−
*Aspect ‘describes the internal temporal shape of events or states’ (Payne 1997, 238). Aspect in
+
Aspect describes the internal temporal shape of events or states’ (Payne 1997, 238). Aspect in Kickapoo is shown thru affixes. These affixes show the internal temporal structure of situations which includes the start or conclusion of an event, frequency, habituality, and the efforts or desire for the agent/subject to bring the event to fruition.  
−
Kickapoo is shown thru affixes. These affixes show the internal temporal structure of situations
 
−
which includes the start or conclusion of an event, frequency, habituality, and the efforts or
 
−
desire for the agent/subject to bring the event to fruition.  
 
−
¥¥这一块我不确定
 
−
** {{morphTest|pooni{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|fut}}|niihnamatho}}
 
−
 
 
  
 +
* {{morphTest|pooni{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nepoonimayo}} - (I stop/stopping/stopped crying)
 +
* {{morphTest|weepi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|neweepimayo}} - (I start/am starting to/started crying)
 +
* {{morphTest|kaski{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nekaskimayo}} - (I'm able to cry)
 +
* {{morphTest|kochi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nekochimayo}} - (I'm trying to cry)
 +
* {{morphTest|tasi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|netasimayo}} - (I'm there crying)
 +
* {{morphTest|naachi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nenaachimayo}} - (I stopped to cry)
 +
* {{morphTest|maa{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nemaamayo}} - (I'm always crying)
 +
* {{morphTest|tanwi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|netanwimayo}} - (I'm unable to cry)
 +
* {{morphTest|nahi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nenahimayo}} - (I know how to/am good at crying)
 +
* {{morphTest|kiisi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nekiisimayo}} - (I finished crying)
 +
* {{morphTest|toski{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|netoskimayo}} - (I just now started crying)
 +
* {{morphTest|kii{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nekiimayo}} - (I'm crying around)
 +
* {{morphTest|kechi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nekechimayo}} - (I'm crying hard)
 +
* {{morphTest|nesi{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nenesimayo}} - (I crying so much)
 +
* {{morphTest|katai{{tag|vaux}}+mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|nekataimayo}} - (I almost cried)
  
 
=== Mode ===
 
=== Mode ===
  
−
pri
+
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}{{tag|cnj}}|mayoani}} conjunct - (when you were crying)
−
dub
+
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}{{tag|iter}}|mayoaanini}} iterative - (whenever you cry)
 +
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}{{tag|sbj}}|mayoane}} subjunctive - (if you cry/if you’re crying/if you cried)
 +
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}{{tag|pot}}|mayohkapa}} potential - (you should cry)
 +
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}{{tag|imp}}|mayono}} imperative - (cry!)
 +
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}{{tag|proh}}|mayokani}} prohibitive - (you might cry)
  
 
=== Negation ===
 
=== Negation ===
  
 
*In Kickapoo, negation is expressed through the morphemes <aakwi>, <pai>, <awita>, and
 
*In Kickapoo, negation is expressed through the morphemes <aakwi>, <pai>, <awita>, and
−
<poni>. Each of the ten modes described in the previous section requires just one of these
+
<poni>, <kaata>. Each of the ten modes described in the previous section requires just one of these
 
morphemes in order to express negation.
 
morphemes in order to express negation.
−
¥¥this is based on the mode so I havent tag the modes yet
 
−
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|neg}}|aakwi mayoaani}} conjunct
 
−
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|neg}}|aakwi mayoaanini}} iterative
 
−
** {{morphTest|siethi{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|neg}}|paisiethiaane}} subjunctive
 
−
** {{morphTest|siethi{{tag|p1}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|neg}}|awita siethihkaaha}} potential
 
−
** {{morphTest|siethi{{tag|p2}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|neg}}|poni siethino}} imperative
 
−
** {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|p2}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|neg}}|kaata mayokani}} prohibitive
 
−
 
  
 +
** {{morphTest|aakwi{{tag|adv}}{{tag|cnj}}|aakwi}} {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|mayoaani}} conjunct - (I'm not crying, I didn't cry, I don't cry)
 +
** {{morphTest|aakwi{{tag|adv}}{{tag|iter}}|aakwi}} {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|mayoaanini}} iterative - (I not even crying, I didn't even cry, I don't ever cry)
 +
** {{morphTest|pai{{tag|adv}}{{tag|sbj}}+siethi{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|paisiethiaane}} subjunctive - (if I'm not hungry)
 +
** {{morphTest|awita{{tag|adv}}{{tag|pot}}|awita}} {{morphTest|siethi{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_1sg}}|siethihkaaha}} potential - (when I'm not hungry)
 +
** {{morphTest|poni{{tag|adv}}{{tag|imp}}|poni}} {{morphTest|siethi{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}|siethino}} imperative - (stop being hungry!)
 +
** {{morphTest|kaata{{tag|adv}}{{tag|proh}}|kaata}} {{morphTest|mayo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|aa}}{{tag|s_2sg}}|mayokani}} prohibitive - (don't be hungry!)
  
  

Latest revision as of 18:03, 6 May 2026


Nouns

Animate Nouns

Animate nouns end in -a which is the marker for ‘ANIMATE.’

  • In order for a noun to be considered animate, it must be organic, i.e., it must have to be perceived as a living entity. Also, sacred ceremonial objects, including musical instruments, that don’t usually meet the normal animacy requirements can be considered animate (Whittaker, 2006:2). For the most part, nouns are considered animate if they can move on their own.
    • anemoh<n><aa> ↔ anemoha - (dog)
    • pesia<n><aa> ↔ pesiaa - (cat)
    • wiiskenoh<n><aa> ↔ wiiskenoha - (bird)
    • ahkhkw<n><aa> ↔ ahkhkwa - (drum)
    • aathan<n><aa> ↔ aathana - (Jade stone)
    • miikona<n><aa> ↔ miikonaa - (feather)

Note: The last three nouns are traditionally considered animate by the Kickapoo language when used in a ceremonial way.

Inanimate Nouns

  • Inanimate nouns end in -i, which is the marker for ‘INANIMATE.’ Inanimate nouns are considered to be inorganic nonliving entities that do not move on their own, breathe, and are not found in a ceremony.
    • aikaachikan<n><nn> ↔ aikaachikani - (pencil.pen.camera)
    • menwaachikan<n><nn> ↔ menwaachikani - (cup)
    • pakachikan<n><nn> ↔ pakachikani - (hammer)
    • makatheh<n><nn> ↔ makathehi - (shoe)
    • motaahi<n><nn> ↔ motaahii - (bottle)

Noun Inflection (Posession)

Prefix Person/Number Gloss
ne- ‘1SG’ ‘mine’
ke- ‘2SG’ ‘your’
o- ‘3SG’ ‘his/hers’
ne-enaan- ‘1PL.EXCL’ ‘ours. EXCL’
ke-enaan- ‘1PL.INCL’ ‘ours. INCL’
ke-waa- ‘2PL’ ‘your. PL’
o-waa- ‘3PL’ ‘their’

Source: Voorhis (1974:29).

    • makatheh<n><nn><px1sg> ↔ nemakathehi - (my shoe)
    • makatheh<n><nn><px2sg> ↔ kemakathehi - (your shoe)
    • makatheh<n><nn><px3sg> ↔ omakathehi - (his/her shoe)
    • okometh<n><aa><px1sg> ↔ nokometha - (my grandma)
    • okometh<n><aa><px2sg> ↔ kokometha - (your grandma)

Plural Nouns

Kickapoo nouns can be either singular or plural. The suffixes used to form the plural for animate nouns differ from the suffixes used to form plural inanimate nouns.

  • Singular animate nouns end in -a
  • Plural animate nouns end in -ki
  • Singular inanimate nouns end in -i
  • Plural inanimate nouns end in -ani

Animate Nouns

    • kwiyetheeh<n><aa><pl> ↔ kwiyetheehaki - (boys)
    • okometh<n><aa><pl> ↔ okomathaki - (grandmas)

Inanimate Nouns

    • aikaachikan<n><nn><pl> ↔ aikaachikanani - (pencils.pens.cameras)
    • motaahi<n><nn><pl> ↔ motaahiani - (bottles)

Verb

Gender

Person

  • There are fourteen pronominal categories in Kickapoo. Various pronominal affixes are used to distinguish these pronominal categories.
    • meskw<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nemeskothi - (I am red)
    • meskw<v><iv><aa><s_2sg> ↔ kemeskothi - (you are red)
    • meskw<v><iv><aa><s_3sg> ↔ meskothiwa - (s/he is red)
    • meskw<v><iv><aa><s_4sg> ↔ meskothiniani - (4th person s/he is red)
    • meskw<v><iv><nn><s_3sg> ↔ meskwaawi - (it [inanimate] is red)
    • meskw<v><iv><nn><s_4sg> ↔ meskwaanii - (4th person it [inanimate] is red)
    • meskw<v><iv><aa><s_3pl> ↔ meskothiwaki - (they are red)
    • meskw<v><iv><aa><s_4pl> ↔ meskothiniahi - (4th person they are red)
    • meskw<v><iv><nn><s_3pl> ↔ meskwaani - (they [inanimate] are red)
    • meskw<v><iv><nn><s_4pl> ↔ meskwaaniiani - (4th person [inanimate][pl] are red)

Locative

  • The locative enclitic [-eki] can suffice in describing that an object is ‘in/at/on’ an object.
    • atoopoon<n><loc> ↔ atoopooneki - (in/at/on the table)

Tense

  • There are four tenses in Kickapoo, the future tense, and the first, second, and third aorists.

Future Tense

  • The future tense is marked by the prefix iih– which is attached immediately before the verb root.
    • namatho<v><iv><aa><fut><s_1sg> ↔ niihnamatho - (I will stand)
    • nimi<v><iv><aa><fut><s_1sg> ↔ iihnimiaani - (I will dance)

First Aorist

The first aorist is used to denote actions that have begun at the time of speaking and generally equate the English present and past tense. The first aorist expresses a meaning equivalent of the present progressive, present, and past tenses in English:

    • namatho<v><iv><aa><aor_1><s_1sg> ↔ nenamatho - (I'm standing, I stand, I stood)

Second Aorist

For the second aorist, actions are considered to have been begun but remain incomplete at the time of speaking. The second aorist is marked with a prefix eeh–.

    • namatho<v><iv><aa><aor_2><s_1sg> ↔ eehnamathoaani - (when I was standing)

Third Aorist

The third aorist denotes actions that are considered completed at the time of speaking and is marked with a vowel change.

    • meno<v><iv><aa><aor_3><s_1sg> ↔ meenoaani - (when I had finished drinking)

Aspect

Aspect describes the internal temporal shape of events or states’ (Payne 1997, 238). Aspect in Kickapoo is shown thru affixes. These affixes show the internal temporal structure of situations which includes the start or conclusion of an event, frequency, habituality, and the efforts or desire for the agent/subject to bring the event to fruition.

  • pooni<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nepoonimayo - (I stop/stopping/stopped crying)
  • weepi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ neweepimayo - (I start/am starting to/started crying)
  • kaski<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nekaskimayo - (I'm able to cry)
  • kochi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nekochimayo - (I'm trying to cry)
  • tasi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ netasimayo - (I'm there crying)
  • naachi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nenaachimayo - (I stopped to cry)
  • maa<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nemaamayo - (I'm always crying)
  • tanwi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ netanwimayo - (I'm unable to cry)
  • nahi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nenahimayo - (I know how to/am good at crying)
  • kiisi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nekiisimayo - (I finished crying)
  • toski<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ netoskimayo - (I just now started crying)
  • kii<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nekiimayo - (I'm crying around)
  • kechi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nekechimayo - (I'm crying hard)
  • nesi<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nenesimayo - (I crying so much)
  • katai<vaux>+mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ nekataimayo - (I almost cried)

Mode

    • mayo<v><iv><aa><s_2sg><cnj> ↔ mayoani conjunct - (when you were crying)
    • mayo<v><iv><aa><s_2sg><iter> ↔ mayoaanini iterative - (whenever you cry)
    • mayo<v><iv><aa><s_2sg><sbj> ↔ mayoane subjunctive - (if you cry/if you’re crying/if you cried)
    • mayo<v><iv><aa><s_2sg><pot> ↔ mayohkapa potential - (you should cry)
    • mayo<v><iv><aa><s_2sg><imp> ↔ mayono imperative - (cry!)
    • mayo<v><iv><aa><s_2sg><proh> ↔ mayokani prohibitive - (you might cry)

Negation

  • In Kickapoo, negation is expressed through the morphemes <aakwi>, <pai>, <awita>, and

<poni>, <kaata>. Each of the ten modes described in the previous section requires just one of these morphemes in order to express negation.

    • aakwi<adv><cnj> ↔ aakwi mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ mayoaani conjunct - (I'm not crying, I didn't cry, I don't cry)
    • aakwi<adv><iter> ↔ aakwi mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ mayoaanini iterative - (I not even crying, I didn't even cry, I don't ever cry)
    • pai<adv><sbj>+siethi<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ paisiethiaane subjunctive - (if I'm not hungry)
    • awita<adv><pot> ↔ awita siethi<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> ↔ siethihkaaha potential - (when I'm not hungry)
    • poni<adv><imp> ↔ poni siethi<v><iv><aa><s_2sg> ↔ siethino imperative - (stop being hungry!)
    • kaata<adv><proh> ↔ kaata mayo<v><iv><aa><s_2sg> ↔ mayokani prohibitive - (don't be hungry!)
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