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| − | ==Language/Grammar==
| + | #REDIRECT [[Wichita/Grammar]] |
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| − | Wichita is a complex language that allows for a single word to act like an entire sentence. It does this by noun incorporation, which lets you use a noun root inside of a verb to create one long word. Instead of using separate words for "I" or "you" it uses a special form of the verb "to be" to show who is talking. In addition to this, most words for describing things like size, amount, and status are also connected directly to the words they are describing.
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| − | ===Nouns===
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| − | Wichita nouns can take any of three suffixes, instrumental, locative, or a marker of the combining form. On some occasions, the definite article will also become suffixed as well. Beyond these markers, many nouns undergo a distinct shift when incorporated into verbs, transitioning from an independent word into a shortened root.
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| − | *{{morphTest|haːrhiwiːc{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|haːrhiwiːcáːhir}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|ikaːˀa{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|ikaːráːhir}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kirikirˀiːs{{tag|np}}{{tag|ins}}|kirikirˀiːsáːhir}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|ˀahi awir{{tag|v}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|iskiˀoːrˀeh}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|keˀes ic iriyari{{tag|v}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|v}}|keˀeseːcˀíriyari}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|takiˀ ri ki wi{{tag|v}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|v}}|takirikiwi}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|ikaːˀa{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|íkaːkiyah}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|hirahrˀa{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|hánnhirh}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|wiːrˀic takwi{{tag|n}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|inc}}|wiːrˀictakwi}}
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| − | {{comment|For the noun incorporation examples, you should concatenate each lemma and its tags with + in the analysis side. Also, that should probably be a separate grammar point, not interleaved with case. And what is the inc tag? -JNW}}
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| − | {{comment|Glosses of each form would be helpful throughout. -JNW}}
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| − | ===Pronouns===
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| − | English has no direct translation for pronouns in Wichita. Instead of using the typical pronouns, Wichita uses inflected particles of the verb "to be" in order to portray the same ideas. Further, many pronouns are formed through specific prefixes that create interrogative, indefinite, or negative meanings from a shared root.
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| − | *{{morphTest|kiriˀ{{tag|n}}{{tag|itg}}|eːkiriˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kiriˀ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}|kaːkiriˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kiriˀ{{tag|n}}{{tag|neg}}|káːkiriˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|ckinc{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}|kaːckinc}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|ckinc{{tag|n}}{{tag|itg}}|eːckinc}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|siːˀ{{tag|n}}{{tag|itg}}|eːsiːˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kiyaˀ{{tag|n}}{{tag|neg}}|káːkiyaˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|sis{{tag|n}}{{tag|itg}}|eːsis}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|harah{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}}|harah}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|natíriˀ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|rel}}|natíriˀ}}
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| − | {{comment|I'm not sure I understand this grammar point without additional information. Walk me through it and I'll help you clarify or adjust as needed. -JNW}}
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| − | ===Adjectives===
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| − | Like pronouns, adjectives aren't really their own separate word class. They are actually stative verbs that describe how something is. You have three main ways to use them. You can incorporate the noun right into the describing verb or keep the noun as a separate word before or after the verb. You can also turn the verb into a participle to describe a noun, like saying "a fat horse" instead of "the horse is fat."
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| − | *{{morphTest|néːrhirˀa tac{{tag|n}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|inc}}|tac tiréːrhirˀasˀi}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|néːrhirˀa tac{{tag|n}}{{tag|v}}|néːrhirˀa tac tiˀi}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|tac néːrhirˀa{{tag|v}}{{tag|n}}|tac tiˀi néːrhirˀa}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kawáːrah heːc{{tag|n}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|inc}}|tiheːctaːrasˀi}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kawáːrah heːc{{tag|n}}{{tag|v}}|kawáːrah tiheːcˀi}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|heːc kawáːrah{{tag|v}}{{tag|n}}|tiheːcˀi kawáːrah}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kawáːrah heːc{{tag|n}}{{tag|v}}|kawáːrah nahéːcˀih}}
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| − | {{comment|When there are two separate words/tokens, each one should have its own morphTest. Also, be sure to include tags corresponding to the forms you mention. And it would help if you sorted these by the strategies you outlined. -JNW}}
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| − | ===Quantifiers and Demonstratives===
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| − | In Wichita, quantifiers and demonstratives usually show up as attached endings to pre-existing words. Generally, they are used to describe specific locations or to talk about the amount of something present. When using them to describe a noun, they can either stand alone (which is more uncommon), or be incorporated directly into the verb with a short suffix.
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| − | *{{morphTest|has aːˀaːki weˀes ˀarhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|nar}}{{tag|qot}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|n}}|hasˀaːˀaːkiwéˀesˀarhi}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|áːkikeˀe katakshirˀa keˀeR{{tag|v}}{{tag|qot}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|n}}|áːkikeˀekatâkshirˀa}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|hirahrˀa tiˀi{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|hiraːrˀ tiˀi}}
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| − | ===Interjections===
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| − | Unlike a lot of other words in the Wichita language, interjections do not get used in pre-existing words. They are commonly used at the beginning of sentences to grab the readers attention but do not necessarily use the same patterns that the rest of the language does. You will find these interjections present in the dialogue of Wichita stories, as words and phrases like this are commonly used when talking to one another.
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| − | *{{morphTest|éːh{{tag|ij}}|éːh}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|íːyáːh{{tag|ij}}|íːyáːh}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|híːróːh{{tag|ij}}|híːróːh}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|háˀwih{{tag|ij}}|háˀwih}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|awˀ{{tag|ij}}|awˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kˀ{{tag|ij}}|kˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|ehérh{{tag|ij}}|ehérh}}
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| − | ===Conjunctions===
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| − | In Wichita, conjunctions are the handy words that glue sentences and ideas together. You have coordinating conjunctions that connect two equal parts of a sentence like "and" or "but." Then you have subordinating conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause to show a cause or a condition. These words don't change their shape or get buried inside verbs, so they are usually easy to spot in a text.
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| − | *{{morphTest|hinniˀ{{tag|cnjcoo}}|hinniˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|eːkw{{tag|cnjcoo}}|eːkw}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|hiriwaːˀ{{tag|cnjcoo}}|hiriwaːˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|hiriˀ{{tag|cnjadv}}|hiriˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|hiːwéˀewakhaːr{{tag|cnjsub}}|hiːwéˀewakhaːr}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|haːwaˀ{{tag|cnjadv}}|haːwaˀ}}
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| − | ===Adverbs===
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| − | In Wichita, adverbs are mostly independent words that stay the same no matter where they are in a sentence. They usually show up right before the verb they are modifying to tell you how, when, or where an action is happening. Some of these adverbs are actually just built out of noun or verb roots that have been turned into specialized markers for time and place.
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| − | *{{morphTest|wéra{{tag|adv}}|wéra}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|waˀ{{tag|adv}}|waˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|hirˀíːs{{tag|adv}}|hirˀíːs}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|asskhaˀ{{tag|adv}}|asskhaˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|tiˀrih{{tag|adv}}|tiˀrih}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|haraˀ{{tag|adv}}|haraˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|hiːríkaːh{{tag|adv}}|hiːríkaːh}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|híːrakaːh{{tag|adv}}|híːrakaːh}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|akwithah{{tag|adv}}|akwithah}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|wickhéːˀ{{tag|adv}}|wickhéːˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|hassis{{tag|adv}}|hassis}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|isaˀ{{tag|adv}}|isaˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|khaˀ{{tag|adv}}|khaˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|ickiriˀ{{tag|adv}}|ickiriˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kas{{tag|adv}}|kas}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|acs{{tag|adv}}|acs}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|wickheˀes{{tag|adv}}|wickheˀes}}
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| − | ===Verbs===
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| − | In Wichita, verbs are integral because a single word can act like a whole sentence. They use a massive system of 34 position classes to pack in details about who is doing what and when.
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| − | *{{morphTest|hiˀ{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}}|hiˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|t{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}|t}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|s{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}|s}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|a:ki{{tag|v}}{{tag|aor}}|a:ki}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|keˀe{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}|keˀe}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kaˀa{{tag|v}}|kaˀa}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|na{{tag|v}}|na}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|a{{tag|v}}{{tag|ref}}|a}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kiˀ{{tag|v}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|kiˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|caːkiˀ{{tag|v}}|caːkiˀ}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kiya ki hita ˀicaki{{tag|v}}{{tag|qot}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|kiyakihiteˀecaki}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|kiya a ki u ˀikhiyaˀa{{tag|v}}{{tag|qot}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ref}}|kiyaːkiˀ:khíyaˀa}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|i s ki ri hiˀiyas wa{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|obj1}}{{tag|prt}}|iskirhiˀiyaskwa!}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|ka a a ki hi iˀikeːs a{{tag|v}}{{tag|nar}}{{tag|qot}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|kaːˀaːˀaːkíhiːˀikéːsˀa}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|a ki wakˀa{{tag|v}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|aːkoːkˀa}}
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| − | *{{morphTest|keˀe s ki haː hanniwihi{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|obj1}}|keˀeskihaːhanniwihi}}
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| − | [[Category:sp26_GrammarDocumentation]], [[Category:Wichita]]
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