Difference between revisions of "Wichita and English/Contrastive Grammar"
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| + | ==Language Differences:== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Noun-Adjective Order=== | ||
| + | In English, adjectives precede the nouns they describe, but in Wichita, adjectives follow nouns. Because Wichita is a polysynthetic language, the adjective gets incorporated after the noun stem but before other stems. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|kˀítaːkskhac wéraˀ hasˀaːˀákicitaːheˀeh|White coyote must he had his knife with him}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|kˀítaːks{{tag|n}}+khac{{tag|adj}} wéraˀ{{tag|adv}} taːha{{tag|n}}+ˀahi{{tag|v}}{{tag|narr}}{{tag|qot}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|dat}}|white{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sg}} coyote{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} must{{tag|adv}} he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} have{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}} he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}} knife{{tag|n}} with{{tag|pr}} he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|obj}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|keˀeséːcˀiriyari hinníˀ keˀeskihaːkhachanniwihi|You will shake your head and you will throw me into the pure water}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|ˀic{{tag|n}}+ˀiriyari{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_sg2}} hinní{{tag|cnj}} haː{{tag|n}}+khac{{tag|adj}}+hirahr-riwihi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_sg2}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|you{{tag|prn}} do{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}} shake{{tag|v}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ssg_2}}{{tag|pos}} head{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnj}} you{{tag|prn}} do{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}} throw{{tag|v}} I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}} into{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} pure{{tag|adj}} water{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Personal Pronouns=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Unlike English Wichita has no single morphemic forms for pronouns. Where English uses I, you, etc., Wichita utilizes personally inflected participles of "ˀi", the verb for "be". | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|nahitéːhárih aːríːwaːwaˀas|They ate beside the creek}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|na{{tag|pp}}+hita{{tag|n}}+yiha{{tag|v}}{{tag|loc}} waːwaˀa{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|qot}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|subj}}|we{{tag|pl}}{{tag|p3}} eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}} beside{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} creek{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|arahéːˀiras|He found it in the water}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|haː{{tag|n}}+ˀirasi{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} find{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nt}} in{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} water{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Article Usage=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The definite article in English ("the") precedes known or specific nouns. Contrastingly, the definite article ("-reˀer-" / "-reːr-") is not necessary when referring to particular nouns. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|keˀeséːcˀiriyari hinníˀ keˀeskihaːhanniwihi|You will shake your head and you will throw me into the water}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|ˀic{{tag|n}}+ˀiriyari{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_sg2}} hinní{{tag|cnj}} haː{{tag|n}}+hirahr-riwihi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_sg2}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|you{{tag|prn}} do{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}} shake{{tag|v}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ssg_2}}{{tag|pos}} and{{tag|cnj}} you{{tag|prn}} do{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}} throw{{tag|v}} I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}} into{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} water{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|árahaːhanniwih|He threw it into the ditch}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|haː{{tag|n}}+hira{{tag|n}}+riwihi{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} throw{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nt}} in{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} ditch{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Interrogative Pronouns=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Wichita forms interrogative pronouns by combining a prefix and an indefinite root ("kiriˀ"). In English, interrogative pronouns do not utilize affixes and instead rely on distinct words. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|wáˀːcˀarˀa aːkoːkˀa, "éːkiriˀ, háːwaˀ, neˀewáˀːr?"|Squirrel said, "What (is it) then, friend?"}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|wáˀːcˀarˀa{{tag|n}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|p3}} wakˀa{{tag|v}}{{tag|qot}}{{tag|aor}} éː{{tag|itg}}+kiriˀ{{tag|prn}} haːwa{{tag|adv}} neˀewáˀːr{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|squirrel{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} say{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}} what{{tag|itg}} is{{tag|v}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|sg}} then{{tag|adv}} friend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|éːkiriˀ háːwaˀ nasíːwakharakˀas?|What then are you talking about?}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|éː{{tag|itg}}+kiriˀ{{tag|prn}} haːwa{{tag|adv}} ra{{tag|itg}}+wakharakˀa{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|s_sg2}}|what{{tag|itg}} then{{tag|adv}} is{{tag|v}}{{tag|pl}} you{{tag|prn}} talk{{tag|v}}{{tag|pprs}} about{{tag|pr}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Noun Inflection=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Nouns in Wichita utilize suffixes of the instrumental, locative, or combining form, whereas English does not utilize such suffixes. For example, the instrumental form uses the suffix "ráːhir". | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|keˀeséːcˀiriyari hinníˀ keˀeskihaːhanniwihi|You will shake your head and you will throw me into the water}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|ˀic{{tag|n}}+ˀiriyari{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_sg2}} hinní{{tag|cnj}} haː{{tag|n}}+hirahr-riwihi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_sg2}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|you{{tag|prn}} do{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}} shake{{tag|v}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ssg_2}}{{tag|pos}} head{{tag|n}} and{{tag|cnj}} you{{tag|prn}} do{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}} throw{{tag|v}} I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}} into{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} water{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|wic|eng|keˀesawiːrˀictakwi; keˀeskihaːhanniwihi|You will shake your shoulder; you will throw me into the water}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|wic|eng|wiːrˀic{{tag|n}}+takwi{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_sg2}} haː{{tag|n}}+hirahr-riwihi{{tag|adj}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_sg2}}{{tag|s_sg1}}|you{{tag|prn}} do{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}} shake{{tag|v}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ssg_2}}{{tag|pos}} shoulder{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} you{{tag|prn}} do{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}} throw{{tag|v}} I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}} into{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} water{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
[[Category: Sp26_ContrastiveGrammars]], [[Category:Wichita]], [[Category: English]] | [[Category: Sp26_ContrastiveGrammars]], [[Category:Wichita]], [[Category: English]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:24, 1 May 2026
Contents
Language Differences:
Noun-Adjective Order
In English, adjectives precede the nouns they describe, but in Wichita, adjectives follow nouns. Because Wichita is a polysynthetic language, the adjective gets incorporated after the noun stem but before other stems.
- (wic) kˀítaːkskhac wéraˀ hasˀaːˀákicitaːheˀeh → (eng) White coyote must he had his knife with him
- (wic) kˀítaːks<n>+khac<adj> wéraˀ<adv> taːha<n>+ˀahi<v><narr><qot><ref><aor><dat> → (eng) white<adj><sg> coyote<n><sg> must<adv> he<prn><m><sg> have<v><past> he<prn><pos> knife<n> with<pr> he<prn><pos><obj>
- (wic) keˀeséːcˀiriyari hinníˀ keˀeskihaːkhachanniwihi → (eng) You will shake your head and you will throw me into the pure water
- (wic) ˀic<n>+ˀiriyari<v><fut><s_sg2> hinní<cnj> haː<n>+khac<adj>+hirahr-riwihi<adj><fut><s_sg2><s_sg1> → (eng) you<prn> do<v><fut> shake<v> you<prn><ssg_2><pos> head<n> and<cnj> you<prn> do<v><fut> throw<v> I<prn><obj> into<pr> the<det> pure<adj> water<n>
Personal Pronouns
Unlike English Wichita has no single morphemic forms for pronouns. Where English uses I, you, etc., Wichita utilizes personally inflected participles of "ˀi", the verb for "be".
- (wic) nahitéːhárih aːríːwaːwaˀas → (eng) They ate beside the creek
- (wic) na<pp>+hita<n>+yiha<v><loc> waːwaˀa<v><impf><qot><perf><ind><subj> → (eng) we<pl><p3> eat<v><past> beside<pr> the<det> creek<n><sg>
- (wic) arahéːˀiras → (eng) He found it in the water
- (wic) haː<n>+ˀirasi<v><perf><p3> → (eng) he<prn><p1><sg> find<v><past> it<prn><sg><nt> in<pr> the<det> water<n>
Article Usage
The definite article in English ("the") precedes known or specific nouns. Contrastingly, the definite article ("-reˀer-" / "-reːr-") is not necessary when referring to particular nouns.
- (wic) keˀeséːcˀiriyari hinníˀ keˀeskihaːhanniwihi → (eng) You will shake your head and you will throw me into the water
- (wic) ˀic<n>+ˀiriyari<v><fut><s_sg2> hinní<cnj> haː<n>+hirahr-riwihi<adj><fut><s_sg2><s_sg1> → (eng) you<prn> do<v><fut> shake<v> you<prn><ssg_2><pos> and<cnj> you<prn> do<v><fut> throw<v> I<prn><obj> into<pr> the<det> water<n>
- (wic) árahaːhanniwih → (eng) He threw it into the ditch
- (wic) haː<n>+hira<n>+riwihi<v><perf><p3> → (eng) he<prn><p1><sg> throw<v><past> it<prn><sg><nt> in<pr> the<det> ditch<n><sg>
Interrogative Pronouns
Wichita forms interrogative pronouns by combining a prefix and an indefinite root ("kiriˀ"). In English, interrogative pronouns do not utilize affixes and instead rely on distinct words.
- (wic) wáˀːcˀarˀa aːkoːkˀa, "éːkiriˀ, háːwaˀ, neˀewáˀːr?" → (eng) Squirrel said, "What (is it) then, friend?"
- (wic) wáˀːcˀarˀa<n><perf><p3> wakˀa<v><qot><aor> éː<itg>+kiriˀ<prn> haːwa<adv> neˀewáˀːr<n><sg> → (eng) squirrel<n><sg> say<v><past> what<itg> is<v> it<prn><sg> then<adv> friend<n><sg>
- (wic) éːkiriˀ háːwaˀ nasíːwakharakˀas? → (eng) What then are you talking about?
- (wic) éː<itg>+kiriˀ<prn> haːwa<adv> ra<itg>+wakharakˀa<v><impf><ind><s_sg2> → (eng) what<itg> then<adv> is<v><pl> you<prn> talk<v><pprs> about<pr>
Noun Inflection
Nouns in Wichita utilize suffixes of the instrumental, locative, or combining form, whereas English does not utilize such suffixes. For example, the instrumental form uses the suffix "ráːhir".
- (wic) keˀeséːcˀiriyari hinníˀ keˀeskihaːhanniwihi → (eng) You will shake your head and you will throw me into the water
- (wic) ˀic<n>+ˀiriyari<v><fut><s_sg2> hinní<cnj> haː<n>+hirahr-riwihi<adj><fut><s_sg2><s_sg1> → (eng) you<prn> do<v><fut> shake<v> you<prn><ssg_2><pos> head<n> and<cnj> you<prn> do<v><fut> throw<v> I<prn><obj> into<pr> the<det> water<n>
- (wic) keˀesawiːrˀictakwi; keˀeskihaːhanniwihi → (eng) You will shake your shoulder; you will throw me into the water
- (wic) wiːrˀic<n>+takwi<v><fut><s_sg2> haː<n>+hirahr-riwihi<adj><fut><s_sg2><s_sg1> → (eng) you<prn> do<v><fut> shake<v> you<prn><ssg_2><pos> shoulder<n><sg> you<prn> do<v><fut> throw<v> I<prn><obj> into<pr> the<det> water<n>,,
