Difference between revisions of "Wamesa and Tongan/Contrastive Grammar"

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(→‎ton-wad tests)
(→‎Sentence structure)
 
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===Present Tense===
 
===Present Tense===
−
We (dual) are happy.
+
Both Wamesa and Tongan have dual person (as well as singular and plural).<br/>
 +
'''We (dual) are happy.'''
 
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|ʻoku ma fiefia|tusanevesie}}
 
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|ʻoku ma fiefia|tusanevesie}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} ma{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exl}}{{tag|du}} fiefia{{tag|adj}} |tusanevesie{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|excl}}}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} ma{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exl}}{{tag|du}} fiefia{{tag|adj}}|tusanevesie{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|excl}}}}
  
−
===Sentence structure (VSO vs SVO)===
+
===Sentence structure===
−
She is not sick.
+
Tongan sentences have a VSO word order while Wamesa has a SVO structure.<br/>
−
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|ʻoku ʻikai ke puke|piota va}}
+
'''She is not sick.'''
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} ʻikai{{tag|adj}} ke{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} puke{{tag|adj}} |piota{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} va{{tag|neg}}}}
+
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|ʻoku ʻikai ke puke|pota va}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|ʻoku{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|present}} ʻikai{{tag|neg}} ke{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} puke{{tag|adj}}|pota{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} va{{tag|neg}}}}
  
 
===Human vs Nonhuman===
 
===Human vs Nonhuman===
−
They (human) are all happy.
+
Wamesa marks humanness on verbs and adjectives, while Tongan has no such alteration.<br/>
−
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|ʻoku nau lata kotoa pē kinautolu|setisanevesie}}
+
'''They (human) are happy.'''
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} nau{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} lata{{tag|adj}} kotoa{{tag|adj}} pē{{tag|}} kinautolu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|postd}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|setisanevesie{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hum}}}}
+
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|ʻoku nau lata|setisanevesie}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} nau{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} lata{{tag|adj}} |setisanevesie{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hum}}}}
  
 
===Ordinary/emotional possessive pronouns===
 
===Ordinary/emotional possessive pronouns===
−
My pig. (My cherished pig).
+
Tongan has an emotional marker for possession, while Wamesa has no such feature.<br/>
 +
'''My pig. (My cherished pig).'''
 
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|siʻaku puaka|pimunapat}}
 
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|siʻaku puaka|pimunapat}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|siʻaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|emotional}} puaka{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} |pimunapat{{tag|n}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|poss}}}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|siʻaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|emotional}} puaka{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} |pimunapat{{tag|n}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|poss}}}}
  
 
===Noun Pluralization===
 
===Noun Pluralization===
−
The dogs are sick.
+
Wamesa and Tongan alter noun forms based on number.<br/>
 +
'''The dogs are sick.'''
 
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|ʻoku puke e fanga kuli|wonapasiat sipota}}
 
* {{transferTest|ton|wad|ʻoku puke e fanga kuli|wonapasiat sipota}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} sick{{tag|adj}} e{{tag|adj}}{{tag|def}} fanga{{tag|cl}}{{tag|pl}} kuli{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} |wonapasiat{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} sipota{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nohum}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|ton|wad|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} sick{{tag|adj}} e{{tag|adj}}{{tag|def}} fanga{{tag|cl}}{{tag|pl}} kuli{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} |wonapasiat{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} sipota{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nohum}}}}
Line 29: Line 34:
  
 
===Present Tense===
 
===Present Tense===
−
We (dual) are happy.
+
Both Wamesa and Tongan have dual person (as well as singular and plural).<br/>
 +
'''We (dual) are happy.'''
 
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|tusanevesie|ʻoku ma fiefia}}
 
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|tusanevesie|ʻoku ma fiefia}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|tusanevesie{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|excl}}|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} ma{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exl}}{{tag|du}} fiefia{{tag|adj}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|tusanevesie{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|excl}}|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} ma{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|exl}}{{tag|du}} fiefia{{tag|adj}}}}
  
−
===Sentence structure (SVO vs VSO)===
+
===Sentence structure===
−
She is not sick.
+
Wamesa sentences have SVO word order while Tongan sentences are VSO.<br/>
 +
'''She is not sick.'''
 
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|piota va|ʻoku ʻikai ke puke}}
 
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|piota va|ʻoku ʻikai ke puke}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|piota{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} va{{tag|neg}}|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} ʻikai{{tag|adj}} ke{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} puke{{tag|adj}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|piota{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} va{{tag|neg}}|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} ʻikai{{tag|adj}} ke{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} puke{{tag|adj}}}}
  
 
===Human vs Nonhuman===
 
===Human vs Nonhuman===
−
They (human) are all happy.
+
Wamesa marks humanness on verbs and adjectives, while Tongan has no such alteration.<br/>
−
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|setisanevesie|ʻoku nau lata kotoa pē kinautolu}}
+
'''They (human) are happy.'''
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|setisanevesie{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hum}}|ʻoku{{tag|}} nau{{tag|}} lata{{tag|}} kotoa{{tag|}} pē{{tag|}} kinautolu{{tag|}}}}
+
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|setisanevesie|ʻoku nau lata kinautolu}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|setisanevesie{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|hum}}|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} nau{{tag|prn}}{{tag|prepd}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}} lata{{tag|adj}} kinautolu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|postd}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}}}
  
 
===Ordinary/emotional possessive pronouns===
 
===Ordinary/emotional possessive pronouns===
−
My pig. (My cherished pig).
+
Tongan has an emotional marker for possession, while Wamesa has no such feature.<br/>
 +
'''My pig. (My cherished pig).'''
 
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|pimunapat|siʻaku puaka}}
 
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|pimunapat|siʻaku puaka}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|pimunapat{{tag|n}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|poss}}|siʻaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|emotional}} puaka{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|pimunapat{{tag|n}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|poss}}|siʻaku{{tag|prn}}{{tag|poss}}{{tag|emotional}} puaka{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
  
 
===Noun Pluralization===
 
===Noun Pluralization===
−
The dogs are sick.
+
Wamesa and Tongan alter noun forms based on number.<br/>
 +
'''The dogs are sick.'''
 
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|wonapasiat sipota|ʻoku puke e fanga kuli}}
 
* {{transferTest|wad|ton|wonapasiat sipota|ʻoku puke e fanga kuli}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|wonapasiat{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} sipota{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nohum}}|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} sick{{tag|adj}} e{{tag|adj}}{{tag|def}} fanga{{tag|cl}}{{tag|pl}} kuli{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|wad|ton|wonapasiat{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}} sipota{{tag|adj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nohum}}|ʻoku{{tag|aux}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|present}} sick{{tag|adj}} e{{tag|adj}}{{tag|def}} fanga{{tag|cl}}{{tag|pl}} kuli{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}

Latest revision as of 16:37, 6 April 2017

ton-wad tests

Present Tense

Both Wamesa and Tongan have dual person (as well as singular and plural).
We (dual) are happy.

  • (ton) ʻoku ma fiefia → (wad) tusanevesie
    (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> ma<prn><prepd><p1><exl><du> fiefia<adj> → (wad) tusanevesie<adj><p1><du><excl>

Sentence structure

Tongan sentences have a VSO word order while Wamesa has a SVO structure.
She is not sick.

  • (ton) ʻoku ʻikai ke puke → (wad) pota va
    (ton) ʻoku<vaux><present> ʻikai<neg> ke<prn><prepd><p3><sg> puke<adj> → (wad) pota<adj><p3><sg> va<neg>

Human vs Nonhuman

Wamesa marks humanness on verbs and adjectives, while Tongan has no such alteration.
They (human) are happy.

  • (ton) ʻoku nau lata → (wad) setisanevesie
    (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> nau<prn><prepd><p3><pl> lata<adj> → (wad) setisanevesie<adj><p3><pl><hum>

Ordinary/emotional possessive pronouns

Tongan has an emotional marker for possession, while Wamesa has no such feature.
My pig. (My cherished pig).

  • (ton) siʻaku puaka → (wad) pimunapat
    (ton) siʻaku<prn><poss><ind><p1><excl><sg><emotional> puaka<n><sg> → (wad) pimunapat<n><p1><poss>

Noun Pluralization

Wamesa and Tongan alter noun forms based on number.
The dogs are sick.

  • (ton) ʻoku puke e fanga kuli → (wad) wonapasiat sipota
    (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> sick<adj> e<adj><def> fanga<cl><pl> kuli<n><pl> → (wad) wonapasiat<n><def><pl> sipota<adj><p3><pl><nohum>

wad-ton tests

Present Tense

Both Wamesa and Tongan have dual person (as well as singular and plural).
We (dual) are happy.

  • (wad) tusanevesie → (ton) ʻoku ma fiefia
    (wad) tusanevesie<adj><p1><du><excl> → (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> ma<prn><prepd><p1><exl><du> fiefia<adj>

Sentence structure

Wamesa sentences have SVO word order while Tongan sentences are VSO.
She is not sick.

  • (wad) piota va → (ton) ʻoku ʻikai ke puke
    (wad) piota<adj><p3><sg> va<neg> → (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> ʻikai<adj> ke<prn><prepd><p2><sg> puke<adj>

Human vs Nonhuman

Wamesa marks humanness on verbs and adjectives, while Tongan has no such alteration.
They (human) are happy.

  • (wad) setisanevesie → (ton) ʻoku nau lata kinautolu
    (wad) setisanevesie<adj><p3><pl><hum> → (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> nau<prn><prepd><p3><pl> lata<adj> kinautolu<prn><postd><p3><pl>

Ordinary/emotional possessive pronouns

Tongan has an emotional marker for possession, while Wamesa has no such feature.
My pig. (My cherished pig).

  • (wad) pimunapat → (ton) siʻaku puaka
    (wad) pimunapat<n><p1><poss> → (ton) siʻaku<prn><poss><emotional> puaka<n><sg>

Noun Pluralization

Wamesa and Tongan alter noun forms based on number.
The dogs are sick.

  • (wad) wonapasiat sipota → (ton) ʻoku puke e fanga kuli
    (wad) wonapasiat<n><def><pl> sipota<adj><p3><pl><nohum> → (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> sick<adj> e<adj><def> fanga<cl><pl> kuli<n><pl>
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