Difference between revisions of "Tibetan/Keyboard"

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=Transcription Characters=
 
=Transcription Characters=
  
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Over the course of this project, I learned about the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is a system of phonetic characters based on the Latin alphabet.<ref name="IPA wikipedia" />    I laid out some of these symbols on the keyboard so that users can type in Tibetan text based on how it sounds.  The file for this transcription keyboard is in the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-tib-keyboard Github repository] I created for this  project.  I found the data for this keyboard on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Tibetan&action=edit&section=9 Tibetan language Wikipedia page].
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Over the course of this project, I learned about the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is a system of phonetic characters based on the Latin alphabet.<ref name="IPA wikipedia" />    I laid out some of these symbols on the keyboard so that users can type in Tibetan text based on how it sounds.  The file for this transcription keyboard is in the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-tib-keyboard Github repository] I created for this  project.  I found the data for this keyboard on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Tibetan&action=edit&section=9 Tibetan language Wikipedia page]. The following tables reflect the consonants and vowels needed to transcribe Standard Tibetan.<ref name="Standard Tibetan" />
  
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===Consonants===
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[[File:Standard_Tibetan_Consonants_IPA.png|600px]]
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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[[File:Standard_Tibetan_Vowels_IPA.png|400px]]
 +
 
 +
==My Process==
 +
 
 +
You will notice that some of the characters in the above tables already exist on standard Latin alphabet keyboards.  Therefore I did not change the position of these keys.  Furthermore, there are keys that look similar to Latin script letters; I tried to place each of these keys as close to Latin script letters that they are most similar to on a standard English language keyboard.  To do so, I used the <kbd>AltGr</kbd> key to assign nonstandard letters to keys in the Latin script that they most resemble.  The non-standard letters from the IPA used for this keyboard are shown below <ref name="IPA_Symbols" />:
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Symbol
 +
! Decimal
 +
! Hex
 +
! Value
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan=3|
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| ɲ
−
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
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| 626
−
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
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| 0272
−
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
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| vd palatal nasal
−
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
 
−
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
 
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! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan=3| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
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| ŋ
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| {{IPA|m}}
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| 331
−
| {{IPA|n}}
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| 014B
−
|
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| vd velar nasal
−
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
 
−
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
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| ʈ
−
! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
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| 648
−
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
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| 0288
−
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
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| vl retroflex plosive
−
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}} ~ {{IPA|ʈʂʰ}}
 
−
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
 
−
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! {{small|unaspirated}}
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| ʂ
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| {{IPA|p}}
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| 642
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| {{IPA|t}}
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| 0282
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| {{IPA|ʈ}} ~ {{IPA|ʈʂ}}
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| vl retroflex fricative
−
| {{IPA|c}}
 
−
| {{IPA|k}}
 
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| {{IPA|ʔ}}
 
 
|-
 
|-
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! rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
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| ʔ
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! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
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| 660
−
|
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| 0294
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| {{IPA|tsʰ}}
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| glottal plosive
−
|  
 
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| {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! {{small|unaspirated}}
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| ɕ
−
|
+
| 597
−
| {{IPA|ts}}
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| 0255
−
|
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| vl alveolopalatal fricative
−
| {{IPA|tɕ}}
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! colspan=3| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
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| ɹ
−
|
+
| 633
−
| {{IPA|s}}
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| 0279
−
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
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| vd (post)alveolar approximant
−
| {{IPA|ɕ}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|h}}
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! rowspan=3| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
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| n̥ d̥
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! {{small|[[central consonant|central]]}}
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| 805
−
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
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| 0325
−
|
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| voiceless
−
| {{IPA|ɹ}}
 
−
|
 
−
| {{IPA|j}}
 
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| {{IPA|w}}
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
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| ø
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! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
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| 248
−
|
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| 00F8
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| {{IPA|l̥}}
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| front close-mid rounded
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
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! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
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| ɛ
−
|
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| 603
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| {{IPA|l}}
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| 025B
−
|
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| open-mid front unrounded
−
|
 
−
|
 
−
|
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
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The unaspirated stops {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/c/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}} typically become voiced in the low tone and are pronounced {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[d]}}, {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, and {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, respectively. The sounds are regarded as allophones. Similarly, the aspirated stops {{IPA|[pʰ]}}, {{IPA|[tʰ]}}, {{IPA|[cʰ]}}, and {{IPA|[kʰ]}} are typically lightly aspirated in the low tone. The dialect of the upper social strata in Lhasa does not use voiced stops in the low tone.
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==Other Keyboards==
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# The [[alveolar trill]] ({{IPA|[r]}}) is in complementary distribution of the [[alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}}; therefore, both are treated as one phoneme.
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# The voiceless [[alveolar lateral approximant]] {{IPA|[l̥]}} resembles the [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] {{IPA|[ɬ]}} found in languages such as [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and is sometimes transcribed {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɬ}}}}.
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The Tibetan Wylie transliteration keyboard is the most common keyboard layout for rendering written Standard Tibetan in Latin characters.  The Tibetan pinyin keyboard layout is also popular, and is the official keyboard layout used by the People's Republic of China.<ref name="Standard Tibetan" />  The Wylie keyboard for Mac OS<ref name="Wylie Keyboard" /> and Windows<ref name="Wylie Windows" /> and the Tibetan pinyin keyboard layout<ref name="Pinyin Keyboard" /> are shown below.
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# The consonants {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}} may appear in syllable-final positions. The Classical Tibetan final {{IPA|/n/}} is still present, but its modern pronunciation is normally realized as a nasalisation of the preceding vowel, rather than as a discrete consonant (see above). However, {{IPA|/k/}} is not pronounced in the final position of a word except in very formal speech. Also, syllable-final {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} are often not clearly pronounced but realized as a lengthening of the preceding vowel. The phonemic [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} appears only at the end of words in the place of {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, or {{IPA|/k/}}, which were pronounced in Classical Tibetan but have since been elided. For instance, the word for [[Tibet]] itself was ''Bod'' in Classical Tibetan but is now pronounced {{IPA|[pʰø̀ʔ]}} in the Lhasa dialect.
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 +
[[File:Wylie.png]]
 +
[[File:Tibetan_Keyboard.png]]
 +
[[File:Dzongkha_Keyboard_layout_Main.png]]
 +
 
 +
The Wylie layout has been available on Linux since 2007, while the pinyin keyboard was introduced several years earlier in 2000. The Wylie  keyboard transliterates the Tibetan characters in the following way:
 +
 
 +
[[File:Wylie_transliteration.png]]
 +
 
 +
Consonant clusters in a single syllable can be represented by prefixed, suffixed, superscripted or subscripted letters. These combinations form a "stack." One of the downsides of Wylie transliteration is that it does not allow users to represent non-Tibetan words in Tibetan script.  Due to this issue, some linguists have attempted to improve upon the standard Wylie keyboard.  In particular, the 2012 paper by Guillaume Jacques entitled [https://www.academia.edu/2322359/A_new_transcription_system_for_Old_and_Classical_Tibetan A New Transcription System for Old and Classical Tibetan].<ref name="New Wylie" />
  
 
=References=
 
=References=
  
 
<references>
 
<references>
−
<ref name="IPA wikipedia">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet].  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia].  Retrieved February 2, 2018>
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<ref name="IPA wikipedia">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet].  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia"].  Retrieved February 2, 2018></ref>
 +
 
 +
<ref name="Standard Tibetan">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan Standard Tibetan].  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia"].  Retrieved February 2, 2018></ref>
 +
 
 +
<ref name="IPA Symbols">[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode].  [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/pals/ University College London (UCL)].  Retrieved February 2, 2018></ref>
 +
 
 +
<ref name="Wylie Keyboard">[http://digitaltibetan.org/images/e/e2/MacTibetanWylieKeyboard.png Tibetan Input Method for Mac OS-X].  [http://digitaltibetan.org/index.php/Digital_Tibetan Digital Tibetan].  Retrieved February 3, 2018></ref>
 +
 
 +
<ref name="Wylie Windows">[http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tibetan_alphabet Tibetan alphabet].  [http://www.wikiwand.com/en/ "Wikipedia Modernized"].  Retrieved February 3, 2018></ref>
 +
 
 +
<ref name="Pinyin Keyboard">[http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tibetan_alphabet Tibetan alphabet].  [http://www.wikiwand.com/en/ "Wikipedia Modernized"].  Retrieved February 3, 2018></ref>
 +
 
 +
<ref name="New Wylie">[https://www.academia.edu/2322359/A_new_transcription_system_for_Old_and_Classical_Tibetan A new transcription system for Old and Classical Tibetan].  [https://www.academia.edu/ Academia.edu]. Retrieved February 3, 2018></ref>
  
 
</references>
 
</references>
  
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[[Category:Keyboard Layouts]]
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[[Category:Keyboard layouts]]

Latest revision as of 14:50, 3 February 2018

On this page, I document the steps I took to develop a Tibetan transcription keyboard. There git repository for this project. More information about the Tibetan language, translations and texts and the tools I have developed in the class can be found on the LING073 Tibetan Language page.

Transcription Characters

Over the course of this project, I learned about the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is a system of phonetic characters based on the Latin alphabet.[1] I laid out some of these symbols on the keyboard so that users can type in Tibetan text based on how it sounds. The file for this transcription keyboard is in the Github repository I created for this project. I found the data for this keyboard on the Tibetan language Wikipedia page. The following tables reflect the consonants and vowels needed to transcribe Standard Tibetan.[2]

600px 400px

My Process

You will notice that some of the characters in the above tables already exist on standard Latin alphabet keyboards. Therefore I did not change the position of these keys. Furthermore, there are keys that look similar to Latin script letters; I tried to place each of these keys as close to Latin script letters that they are most similar to on a standard English language keyboard. To do so, I used the AltGr key to assign nonstandard letters to keys in the Latin script that they most resemble. The non-standard letters from the IPA used for this keyboard are shown below [3]:

Symbol Decimal Hex Value
ɲ 626 0272 vd palatal nasal
ŋ 331 014B vd velar nasal
ʈ 648 0288 vl retroflex plosive
ʂ 642 0282 vl retroflex fricative
ʔ 660 0294 glottal plosive
ɕ 597 0255 vl alveolopalatal fricative
ɹ 633 0279 vd (post)alveolar approximant
n̥ d̥ 805 0325 voiceless
ø 248 00F8 front close-mid rounded
ɛ 603 025B open-mid front unrounded

Other Keyboards

The Tibetan Wylie transliteration keyboard is the most common keyboard layout for rendering written Standard Tibetan in Latin characters. The Tibetan pinyin keyboard layout is also popular, and is the official keyboard layout used by the People's Republic of China.[2] The Wylie keyboard for Mac OS[4] and Windows[5] and the Tibetan pinyin keyboard layout[6] are shown below.

Wylie.png Tibetan Keyboard.png Dzongkha Keyboard layout Main.png

The Wylie layout has been available on Linux since 2007, while the pinyin keyboard was introduced several years earlier in 2000. The Wylie keyboard transliterates the Tibetan characters in the following way:

Wylie transliteration.png

Consonant clusters in a single syllable can be represented by prefixed, suffixed, superscripted or subscripted letters. These combinations form a "stack." One of the downsides of Wylie transliteration is that it does not allow users to represent non-Tibetan words in Tibetan script. Due to this issue, some linguists have attempted to improve upon the standard Wylie keyboard. In particular, the 2012 paper by Guillaume Jacques entitled A New Transcription System for Old and Classical Tibetan.[7]

References

  1. ↑ International Phonetic Alphabet. "Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia". Retrieved February 2, 2018>
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Standard Tibetan. "Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia". Retrieved February 2, 2018>
  3. ↑ The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode. University College London (UCL). Retrieved February 2, 2018>
  4. ↑ Tibetan Input Method for Mac OS-X. Digital Tibetan. Retrieved February 3, 2018>
  5. ↑ Tibetan alphabet. "Wikipedia Modernized". Retrieved February 3, 2018>
  6. ↑ Tibetan alphabet. "Wikipedia Modernized". Retrieved February 3, 2018>
  7. ↑ A new transcription system for Old and Classical Tibetan. Academia.edu. Retrieved February 3, 2018>
Retrieved from "http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Tibetan/Keyboard&oldid=6311"