Difference between revisions of "Grammar documentation/Examples"

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(→‎English plurals)
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** {{morphTest|alumnus{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|alumni}}
 
** {{morphTest|alumnus{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|alumni}}
 
** {{morphTest|child{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|children}}
 
** {{morphTest|child{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|children}}
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=== Spanish present tense ===
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Verbs in Spanish should be tagged {{tag|v}}.  They can be subcategorised into transitive and intransitive verbs with additional tags {{tag|tv}} and {{tag|iv}}, respectively.  One of the tenses is the present tense: {{tag|pres}}.  The person and number tags needed will be {{tag|p1}}, {{tag|p2}}, {{tag|p3}} and {{tag|sg}} and {{tag|pl}}.
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The regular present tense in Spanish is formed by adding a set of endings to the verb stem.  The set of endings used depends on the "theme vowel" of the verb: either «a», «e», or «i».
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«hablar» (''speak'') is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «habl»-:
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* {{morphTest|hablar{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|hablo}}
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* {{morphTest|hablar{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|hablas}}
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* {{morphTest|hablar{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|habla}}
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* {{morphTest|hablar{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|hablamos}}
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* {{morphTest|hablar{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|habláis}}
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* {{morphTest|hablar{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|hablan}}
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«comer» (''eat'') is an «e»-vowel verb, with the stem «com»-:
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* {{morphTest|comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|como}}
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* {{morphTest|comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|comes}}
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* {{morphTest|comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|come}}
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* {{morphTest|comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|comemos}}
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* {{morphTest|comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|coméis}}
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* {{morphTest|comer{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|comen}}
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«escribir» (''write'') is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «escrib»-:
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* {{morphTest|escribir{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|escribo}}
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* {{morphTest|escribir{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|escribes}}
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* {{morphTest|escribir{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|escribe}}
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* {{morphTest|escribir{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|escribimos}}
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* {{morphTest|escribir{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|escribís}}
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* {{morphTest|escribir{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|escriben}}

Revision as of 06:16, 2 February 2017

English plurals

this counts as two grammar points: one main point, and a number of nuances that together count again

In English, plural morphology on nouns denote that there is more than one of something.

There are only two numbers in English, singular and plural. The tag for a noun should be <n>, and singular and plural should be <sg> and <pl>, respectively.

Regular plurals

Regular plurals are formed with the addition of «s» or «es».

  • Nouns ending in «s», «ch», «x», or «z» take the suffix «es»:
    • box<n><pl> ↔ boxes
    • match<n><pl> ↔ matches
    • kiss<n><pl> ↔ kisses
  • Otherwise the suffix is «s»:
    • snake<n><pl> ↔ snakes
    • window<n><pl> ↔ windows
    • boy<n><pl> ↔ boys
  • Nouns that end in «o» are unpredictable: some take «s» and some take «es»:
    • potato<n><pl> ↔ potatoes
    • piano<n><pl> ↔ pianos

Regular suffix with stem alternations

  • If a noun ends in a «y» that's preceded by a consonant, the «y» turns to «i» and the suffix is «es»:
    • baby<n><pl> ↔ babies
  • In some (but not all) nouns that end in «f» or «fe», the «f»/«fe» is replaced by «ve» before the suffix «s» is added:
    • leaf<n><pl> ↔ leaves
    • life<n><pl> ↔ lives
  • Some stems that end in «ex» or «ix» change the «x» to «c» before adding «es»:
    • matrix<n><pl> ↔ matrices

No suffix

  • Some plural forms are denoted only by a stem alternation; these are not predictable:
    • tooth<n><pl> ↔ teeth
    • mouse<n><pl> ↔ mice
    • man<n><pl> ↔ men
    • crisis<n><pl> ↔ crises
    • diagnosis<n><pl> ↔ diagnoses
  • Some nouns have identical singular and plural forms:
    • deer<n><pl> ↔ deer
    • fish<n><pl> ↔ fish
    • moose<n><pl> ↔ moose

Other irregular plurals

  • There are a number of other unpredictable patterns:
    • addendum<n><pl> ↔ addenda
    • corpus<n><pl> ↔ corpora
    • alumnus<n><pl> ↔ alumni
    • child<n><pl> ↔ children


Spanish present tense

Verbs in Spanish should be tagged <v>. They can be subcategorised into transitive and intransitive verbs with additional tags <tv> and <iv>, respectively. One of the tenses is the present tense: <pres>. The person and number tags needed will be <p1>, <p2>, <p3> and <sg> and <pl>.

The regular present tense in Spanish is formed by adding a set of endings to the verb stem. The set of endings used depends on the "theme vowel" of the verb: either «a», «e», or «i».

«hablar» (speak) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «habl»-:

  • hablar<v><tv><p1><sg> ↔ hablo
  • hablar<v><tv><p2><sg> ↔ hablas
  • hablar<v><tv><p3><sg> ↔ habla
  • hablar<v><tv><p1><pl> ↔ hablamos
  • hablar<v><tv><p2><pl> ↔ habláis
  • hablar<v><tv><p3><pl> ↔ hablan

«comer» (eat) is an «e»-vowel verb, with the stem «com»-:

  • comer<v><tv><p1><sg> ↔ como
  • comer<v><tv><p2><sg> ↔ comes
  • comer<v><tv><p3><sg> ↔ come
  • comer<v><tv><p1><pl> ↔ comemos
  • comer<v><tv><p2><pl> ↔ coméis
  • comer<v><tv><p3><pl> ↔ comen

«escribir» (write) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «escrib»-:

  • escribir<v><tv><p1><sg> ↔ escribo
  • escribir<v><tv><p2><sg> ↔ escribes
  • escribir<v><tv><p3><sg> ↔ escribe
  • escribir<v><tv><p1><pl> ↔ escribimos
  • escribir<v><tv><p2><pl> ↔ escribís
  • escribir<v><tv><p3><pl> ↔ escriben
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