Difference between revisions of "Wamesa/Grammar"

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==Wamesa Pronouns==
 
==Wamesa Pronouns==
 
The Wamesa pronouns are as follows:
 
The Wamesa pronouns are as follows:
−
 
 
<tt>
 
<tt>
 
: '''Person <span style="color:#FFF">............</span>Cardinal Form'''
 
: '''Person <span style="color:#FFF">............</span>Cardinal Form'''
Line 11: Line 10:
 
: 2 p. du. . . . . . man(d)u <br/>
 
: 2 p. du. . . . . . man(d)u <br/>
 
: 3 p. du. . . . . . san(d)u  <br/>
 
: 3 p. du. . . . . . san(d)u  <br/>
 +
: 1 p. tr. in. . . . ta-<br/>
 +
: 1 p. tr. ex. . . . ama-<br/>
 +
: 2 p. tr. . . . . . me- <br/>
 +
: 3 p. tr. . . . . . se- <br/>
 
: 1 p. pl. in. . . . tata(t)<br/>
 
: 1 p. pl. in. . . . tata(t)<br/>
 
: 1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(t)  <br/>
 
: 1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(t)  <br/>
Line 18: Line 21:
  
 
===Human-ness===
 
===Human-ness===
−
In Wamesa, morphemes indicate whether something is a human {{tag|hum}} or non-human {{tag|nhum}}. However, this only affects the 3pl forms of a word.
+
In Wamesa, morphemes indicate whether something is a human {{tag|hum}} or non-human {{tag|nohum}}. However, this only affects the 3pl forms of a word.
−
 
+
* {{morphTest|eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|3pl}}{{tag|hum}}|setapi}}
−
===Number===
+
* {{morphTest|eat{{tag|v}}{{tag|3pl}}{{tag|nohum}}|siapi}}
−
There are three numbers in the Wamesa number system: singular ({{tag|sg}}), dual ({{tag|du}}), and plural ({{tag|pl}}).
+
* {{morphTest|blue{{tag|adj}}{{tag|3pl}}{{tag|nohum}}|siverawana}}
−
 
+
:: "They (nonhuman) are blue"
−
==Wamesa Inclusivity==
 
−
Inclusivity ({{tag|incl}}, {{tag|excl}}) in Wamesa affects 1du and 1pl (1sg is always exclusive by nature), and indicates whether the listener is included in the narrator's group.
 
−
: * {{morphTest|cut{{tag|1du}}{{tag|incl}}|tupera}}
 
−
: * {{morphTest|cut{{tag|idu}}{{tag|excl}}|amupera}}
 
−
: * {{morphTest|cut{{tag|1pl}}{{tag|incl}}|tapera}}
 
−
: * {{morphTest|cut{{tag|1pl}}{{tag|excl}}|amapera}}
 
−
 
 
−
==Wamesa Articles==
 
−
There are two types of articles in Wamesa - definite and indefinite - but they behave slightly differently than in English. Perhaps most importantly, they can attach to adjectives to turn the resulting phrase into a noun.
 
−
 
 
−
===Definite Articles===
 
−
The definite article ({{tag|def}}) in Wamesa has a few forms: ''pai''{{tag|sg}}, ''pasanu''{{tag|du}}, and ''pasiat''{{tag|pl}}. Some examples are as follows:
 
−
: * {{morphTest|child{{tag|def}}|antum-pai}}
 
−
: * {{morphTest|fish{{tag|def}}|dian-pai}}
 
−
: * {{morphTest|eye{{tag|du}}{{tag|def}}|re-pasanu}}
 
−
: * {{morphTest| {{tag| }}| }}
 
−
 
 
−
===Indefinite Articles===
 
−
The indefinite article({{tag|indef}}) in Wamesa is ''pesi''. Examples below:
 
−
: * {{morphTest|man{{tag|indef}}|muan-pesi}}
 
−
: * {{morphTest|big{{tag|indef}}|baba-pesi}}
 
−
''pesi'' is almost always inert, but it occasionally found in its dual and plural forms:
 
−
: * {{morphTest|woman{{tag|du}}{{tag|indef}}|babin-pesi-sanu}}
 
−
: * {{morphTest|night{{tag|pl}}{{tag|indef}}|diru-pesasi}}
 
−
 
 
−
==Wamesa Nouns==
 
−
===Number===
 
−
The Wamesa number system extends past just the pronouns to encompass the nouns as well. Singular, dual, and plural still exist and affect nouns.
 
  
 
==Wamesa Verbs==
 
==Wamesa Verbs==
−
Wamesa verbs conjugate in a way similar to the pronouns:
+
Wamesa verbs ({{tag|v}}) conjugate in a way similar to the pronouns:
  
 
<tt>
 
<tt>
Line 69: Line 44:
 
: 3 p. pl. hum.. . . se(n)-  <br/>
 
: 3 p. pl. hum.. . . se(n)-  <br/>
 
: 3 p. pl. non-hum.. si <br/></tt>
 
: 3 p. pl. non-hum.. si <br/></tt>
 +
As such, they ought to be tagged with one of {{tag|p1}}, {{tag|p2}}, and {{tag|p3}}, and one of {{tag|sg}}, {{tag|du}}, and {{tag|pl}}.
 +
 +
==Inclusivity in Wamesa==
 +
Inclusivity ({{tag|incl}}, {{tag|excl}}) in Wamesa affects 1du and 1pl (1sg is always exclusive by nature), and indicates whether the listener is included in the narrator's group.
 +
* {{morphTest|cut{{tag|v}}{{tag|1du}}{{tag|incl}}|tupera}}
 +
* {{morphTest|cut{{tag|v}}{{tag|idu}}{{tag|excl}}|amupera}}
 +
* {{morphTest|cut{{tag|v}}{{tag|1pl}}{{tag|incl}}|tapera}}
 +
* {{morphTest|cut{{tag|v}}{{tag|1pl}}{{tag|excl}}|amapera}}
 +
In addition to conjugating with verbs, inclusivity can affect the use of pronouns:
 +
: <tt>1 p. du. in. . . . nan(d)u <br/>
 +
: 1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)  <br/>
 +
: 1 p. pl. in. . . . tata(t)<br/>
 +
: 1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(t)  <br/></tt>
 +
 +
==Wamesa Number==
 +
Wamesa pronouns, adjectives, and verbs undergo alternation as a result of number. When indicating the number of nouns, articles are attached, rather than changing the actual form of the noun. The Wamesa system includes singular ({{tag|sg}}), dual ({{tag|du}}), (trial ({{tag|tr}}),) and plural ({{tag|pl}}).
 +
 +
===Number in Pronouns===
 +
Pronouns in their cardinal form undergo alternations based on number. Take, for example, the {{tag|p2}} pronoun in {{tag|sg}}, {{tag|du}}, and {{tag|pl}} forms:
 +
:<tt> 2 p. sg. . . . . . au <br/>
 +
: 2 p. du. . . . . . man(d)u <br/>
 +
: 2 p. pl. . . . . . mia(t) <br/></tt>
 +
Sometimes, there are multiple forms of each number, depending on other factors. As we see below, inclusivity and human-ness play a part in the form of pronouns:
 +
:<tt> 1 p. du. in. . . . tu(n)-  <br/>
 +
: 1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)-  <br/>
 +
: 3 p. pl. hum.. . . se(n)-  <br/>
 +
: 3 p. pl. non-hum.. si <br/></tt>
 +
There are actually trial forms of all three persons, as below. However, these are very rare and conjugate as {{tag|pl}} forms when with a verb.
 +
:<tt> 1 p. tr. in. . . . ta-<br/>
 +
: 1 p. tr. ex. . . . ama-<br/>
 +
: 2 p. tr. . . . . . me- <br/>
 +
: 3 p. tr. . . . . . se- <br/></tt>
  
−
babin-pesi-sanu = some two women
+
==Wamesa Articles==
−
re-pasanu = the two eyes
+
There are two types of articles in Wamesa - definite and indefinite - but they behave slightly differently than in English. Perhaps most importantly, they can attach to adjectives to turn the resulting phrase into a noun.
 +
 
 +
===Definite Articles===
 +
The definite article ({{tag|def}}) in Wamesa has a few forms: ''pai''{{tag|sg}}, ''pasanu''{{tag|du}}, and ''pasiat''{{tag|pl}}. Some examples are as follows:
 +
* {{morphTest|child{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}|antum-pai}}
 +
:: "The child"
 +
* {{morphTest|fish{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}|dian-pai}}
 +
:: "The fish"
 +
* {{morphTest|eye{{tag|n}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|def}}|re-pasanu}}
 +
:: "The two eyes"
 +
* {{morphTest|Windesi people{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}|Windesi-pasiat}}
 +
:: "The Windesi people"
 +
'''Exception:'''
 +
* {{morphTest|person{{tag|n}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|def}}|sinitu-pa}}
 +
 
 +
===Indefinite Articles===
 +
The indefinite article({{tag|indef}}) in Wamesa is ''pesi''. Examples below:
 +
* {{morphTest|man{{tag|n}}{{tag|indef}}|muan-pesi}}
 +
:: "A man"
 +
* {{morphTest|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|indef}}|baba-pesi}}
 +
:: "Something big"
 +
''pesi'' is almost always inert, but it occasionally found in its dual and plural forms:
 +
* {{morphTest|woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|du}}{{tag|indef}}|babin-pesi-sanu}}
 +
:: "Some two women"
 +
* {{morphTest|night{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|indef}}|diru-pesasi}}
 +
:: "Some nights"

Revision as of 05:17, 8 February 2017

Wamesa Pronouns

The Wamesa pronouns are as follows:

Person ............Cardinal Form
1 p. sg. . . . . . yau
2 p. sg. . . . . . au
3 p. sg. . . . . . i
1 p. du. in. . . . nan(d)u
1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)
2 p. du. . . . . . man(d)u
3 p. du. . . . . . san(d)u
1 p. tr. in. . . . ta-
1 p. tr. ex. . . . ama-
2 p. tr. . . . . . me-
3 p. tr. . . . . . se-
1 p. pl. in. . . . tata(t)
1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(t)
2 p. pl. . . . . . mia(t)
3 p. pl. hum.. . . sia(t)
3 p. pl. non-hum.. si

Human-ness

In Wamesa, morphemes indicate whether something is a human <hum> or non-human <nohum>. However, this only affects the 3pl forms of a word.

  • eat<v><3pl><hum> ↔ setapi
  • eat<v><3pl><nohum> ↔ siapi
  • blue<adj><3pl><nohum> ↔ siverawana
"They (nonhuman) are blue"

Wamesa Verbs

Wamesa verbs (<v>) conjugate in a way similar to the pronouns:

Person ............Prefix (Infix) Form
1 p. sg. . . . . . i-, y-
2 p. sg. . . . . . bu-, -u-
3 p. sg. . . . . . di-, -i-
1 p. du. in. . . . tu(n)-
1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)-
2 p. du. . . . . . mu(n)-
3 p. du. . . . . . su(n)-
1 p. pl. in. . . . ta(n)-
1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(n)-
2 p. pl. . . . . . me(n)-
3 p. pl. hum.. . . se(n)-
3 p. pl. non-hum.. si

As such, they ought to be tagged with one of <p1>, <p2>, and <p3>, and one of <sg>, <du>, and <pl>.

Inclusivity in Wamesa

Inclusivity (<incl>, <excl>) in Wamesa affects 1du and 1pl (1sg is always exclusive by nature), and indicates whether the listener is included in the narrator's group.

  • cut<v><1du><incl> ↔ tupera
  • cut<v><idu><excl> ↔ amupera
  • cut<v><1pl><incl> ↔ tapera
  • cut<v><1pl><excl> ↔ amapera

In addition to conjugating with verbs, inclusivity can affect the use of pronouns:

1 p. du. in. . . . nan(d)u
1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)
1 p. pl. in. . . . tata(t)
1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(t)

Wamesa Number

Wamesa pronouns, adjectives, and verbs undergo alternation as a result of number. When indicating the number of nouns, articles are attached, rather than changing the actual form of the noun. The Wamesa system includes singular (<sg>), dual (<du>), (trial (<tr>),) and plural (<pl>).

Number in Pronouns

Pronouns in their cardinal form undergo alternations based on number. Take, for example, the <p2> pronoun in <sg>, <du>, and <pl> forms:

2 p. sg. . . . . . au
2 p. du. . . . . . man(d)u
2 p. pl. . . . . . mia(t)

Sometimes, there are multiple forms of each number, depending on other factors. As we see below, inclusivity and human-ness play a part in the form of pronouns:

1 p. du. in. . . . tu(n)-
1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)-
3 p. pl. hum.. . . se(n)-
3 p. pl. non-hum.. si

There are actually trial forms of all three persons, as below. However, these are very rare and conjugate as <pl> forms when with a verb.

1 p. tr. in. . . . ta-
1 p. tr. ex. . . . ama-
2 p. tr. . . . . . me-
3 p. tr. . . . . . se-

Wamesa Articles

There are two types of articles in Wamesa - definite and indefinite - but they behave slightly differently than in English. Perhaps most importantly, they can attach to adjectives to turn the resulting phrase into a noun.

Definite Articles

The definite article (<def>) in Wamesa has a few forms: pai<sg>, pasanu<du>, and pasiat<pl>. Some examples are as follows:

  • child<n><def> ↔ antum-pai
"The child"
  • fish<n><def> ↔ dian-pai
"The fish"
  • eye<n><du><def> ↔ re-pasanu
"The two eyes"
  • Windesi people<n><def> ↔ Windesi-pasiat
"The Windesi people"

Exception:

  • person<n><du><def> ↔ sinitu-pa

Indefinite Articles

The indefinite article(<indef>) in Wamesa is pesi. Examples below:

  • man<n><indef> ↔ muan-pesi
"A man"
  • big<adj><indef> ↔ baba-pesi
"Something big"

pesi is almost always inert, but it occasionally found in its dual and plural forms:

  • woman<n><du><indef> ↔ babin-pesi-sanu
"Some two women"
  • night<n><pl><indef> ↔ diru-pesasi
"Some nights"
Retrieved from "http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Wamesa/Grammar&oldid=1541"