Difference between revisions of "Khasi/Grammar"
From LING073
(→Parts of speech) |
(→Parts of speech) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | + | = Parts of speech = | |
| − | + | == Nouns == | |
| − | + | === Gender and Number === | |
* Articles 'ka' and 'u' function respectively as the feminine and masculine singular articles. They typically come before nouns. | * Articles 'ka' and 'u' function respectively as the feminine and masculine singular articles. They typically come before nouns. | ||
** {{morphTest|ka khun{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|'daughter'}} | ** {{morphTest|ka khun{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|f}}|'daughter'}} | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
*** {{morphTest|massi{{tag|n}}|'cow'}} | *** {{morphTest|massi{{tag|n}}|'cow'}} | ||
*** {{morphTest|kyrtong{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}|'fat', 'strong'}} | *** {{morphTest|kyrtong{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}|'fat', 'strong'}} | ||
| − | + | === Case === | |
| − | + | === Morphology === | |
| − | + | ==== Abstract Nouns ==== | |
* Most abstract nouns are formed by adding the prefix 'jing' to a a verb or adjective or by applying the feminine singular article 'ka' to an adjective | * Most abstract nouns are formed by adding the prefix 'jing' to a a verb or adjective or by applying the feminine singular article 'ka' to an adjective | ||
** {{morphTest|ka jingleh{{tag|n}}|'action'}} | ** {{morphTest|ka jingleh{{tag|n}}|'action'}} | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
* Some words formed like abstract nouns might actually be common nouns that used to be abstract nouns. | * Some words formed like abstract nouns might actually be common nouns that used to be abstract nouns. | ||
** {{morphTest|ka jing khang {{tag|n}}|'a door', lit 'a shutting'}} | ** {{morphTest|ka jing khang {{tag|n}}|'a door', lit 'a shutting'}} | ||
| − | + | ==== Agentive Marker ==== | |
* 'nong' attaches to verb to create a noun | * 'nong' attaches to verb to create a noun | ||
**{{morphTest|nongtuh {{tag|n}}|'thief'}} | **{{morphTest|nongtuh {{tag|n}}|'thief'}} | ||
***{{morphTest|tuh {{tag|inf}}|'to steal'}} | ***{{morphTest|tuh {{tag|inf}}|'to steal'}} | ||
| − | + | ==== Other Prefixes ==== | |
* According to Eugénie J. A. Henderson, "overt prefixes of less common occurrence include shi- ‘one'; mar- ‘facing, matching’; kat- ‘to such a degree’; kum- ‘like’; hang- ‘place where.’" | * According to Eugénie J. A. Henderson, "overt prefixes of less common occurrence include shi- ‘one'; mar- ‘facing, matching’; kat- ‘to such a degree’; kum- ‘like’; hang- ‘place where.’" | ||
| − | + | == Verbs == | |
* {{morphTest|kyrhuh{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|actv}}|'roar'}} | * {{morphTest|kyrhuh{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|actv}}|'roar'}} | ||
* {{morphTest|bam{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|actv}}|'eat'}} | * {{morphTest|bam{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|actv}}|'eat'}} | ||
| − | + | == Adjectives == | |
* {{morphTest|babha{{tag|adj}}|'good'}} | * {{morphTest|babha{{tag|adj}}|'good'}} | ||
* {{morphTest|barit{{tag|adj}}|'small'}} | * {{morphTest|barit{{tag|adj}}|'small'}} | ||
| − | + | == Prepositions == | |
* {{morphTest|jong{{tag|pr}}|'of'}} | * {{morphTest|jong{{tag|pr}}|'of'}} | ||
* {{morphTest|ha{{tag|pr}}|'in, to, at, on'}} | * {{morphTest|ha{{tag|pr}}|'in, to, at, on'}} | ||
| − | + | == Pronouns == | |
* {{morphTest|nga{{tag|prn}}|'I'}} | * {{morphTest|nga{{tag|prn}}|'I'}} | ||
* {{morphTest|ngi{{tag|prn}}|'we'}} | * {{morphTest|ngi{{tag|prn}}|'we'}} | ||
| + | |||
== Spellrelax == | == Spellrelax == | ||
* With the 'jing' prefix, sometimes g is dropped. Furthermore, sometimes 'jing' is written as a separate word. | * With the 'jing' prefix, sometimes g is dropped. Furthermore, sometimes 'jing' is written as a separate word. | ||
Revision as of 02:38, 9 February 2017
Contents
Parts of speech
Nouns
Gender and Number
- Articles 'ka' and 'u' function respectively as the feminine and masculine singular articles. They typically come before nouns.
- ka khun<n><sg><f> ↔ 'daughter'
- u khun<n><sg><m> ↔ 'son'
- The gender of a noun cannot be shown by the article in the plural, as the plural article is 'ki', and it carries no gender. Instead, a marker-word is often attached to indicate gender, such as the most general 'kynthei' meaning female and 'shinrang' meaning male.
- ki lang-kynthei<n><pl><f> ↔ 'she-goats', 'ewes'
- ki lang-shinrang<n><pl><m> ↔ 'he-goats', 'rams'
- There are more specific terms for some words. These specific terms are often epithets describing a feature of a male or female of such a word. For example:
- ki massi-kyrtong<n><pl><m> ↔ 'bulls', 'male cows'
- massi<n> ↔ 'cow'
- kyrtong<adj><m> ↔ 'fat', 'strong'
- ki massi-kyrtong<n><pl><m> ↔ 'bulls', 'male cows'
Case
Morphology
Abstract Nouns
- Most abstract nouns are formed by adding the prefix 'jing' to a a verb or adjective or by applying the feminine singular article 'ka' to an adjective
- ka jingleh<n> ↔ 'action'
- leh<inf> ↔ 'to do'
- ka babha<n> ↔ 'the good'
- babha<adj> ↔ 'good'
- ka jingleh<n> ↔ 'action'
- Sometimes the 'ka' + adjective formation drops the 'ba' prefix found in an adjective
- ka suk<n> ↔ 'happiness'
- suk<adj> ↔ 'happy'
- ka suk<n> ↔ 'happiness'
- Some words formed like abstract nouns might actually be common nouns that used to be abstract nouns.
- ka jing khang <n> ↔ 'a door', lit 'a shutting'
Agentive Marker
- 'nong' attaches to verb to create a noun
- nongtuh <n> ↔ 'thief'
- tuh <inf> ↔ 'to steal'
- nongtuh <n> ↔ 'thief'
Other Prefixes
- According to Eugénie J. A. Henderson, "overt prefixes of less common occurrence include shi- ‘one'; mar- ‘facing, matching’; kat- ‘to such a degree’; kum- ‘like’; hang- ‘place where.’"
Verbs
- kyrhuh<vblex><pres><actv> ↔ 'roar'
- bam<vblex><pres><actv> ↔ 'eat'
Adjectives
- babha<adj> ↔ 'good'
- barit<adj> ↔ 'small'
Prepositions
- jong<pr> ↔ 'of'
- ha<pr> ↔ 'in, to, at, on'
Pronouns
- nga<prn> ↔ 'I'
- ngi<prn> ↔ 'we'
Spellrelax
- With the 'jing' prefix, sometimes g is dropped. Furthermore, sometimes 'jing' is written as a separate word.
