Difference between revisions of "Huaylas Quechua/Grammar"

Revision as of 02:47, 18 February 2023 (view source) Fstewar1 (talk | contribs) (→‎Possession) ← Older edit		Revision as of 02:47, 18 February 2023 (view source) Fstewar1 (talk | contribs) (→‎Verb Transitions) Newer edit →
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	| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)		| 3 → 2 || -shu-rqa-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
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	''wiya'' (to hear)		''wiya'' (to hear)
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	| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)		| 3 → 2 || -shu-nki || Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)
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	''wiya'' (to hear)		''wiya'' (to hear)

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Revision as of 02:47, 18 February 2023

Background

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a Central Quechuan variety spoken in Callejon de Huaylas, Ancash, Peru. More information is available on the main page.

Language Typology

Huaylas Ancash Quechua is a polysynthetic, aggluginative language ^[1]. Prepositions, conjunctions, and relative pronouns are indicated with inflection suffixes ^[1].Primarily a verb-final language, with a preferred word order of SOV, Huaylas Quechua additionally allows OSV, SVO, VSO, OVS, and VOS ^[2]. Despite a diverse word order, the grammatical arguments of a sentence remain easy to identify due to a large and rich system of markers that indicate grammatical arguments, subjects and objects, and case.

Parts of Speech of Huaylas Quechua

Per Gary J. Parker ^[1], Huaylas Quechua has four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, "ambivalents", and "particles". The majority of lexemes are nouns or verbs. However, this "noun" class includes types such as adjectives and pronouns. These are still included within the noun phrase, thus being a part of that part of speech.

Ambivalents are defined as words that can function as both a noun or a verb. Particles are lexemes that do not take on suffixes of inflection and do not act as nouns or verbs, such as interjections and greetings.

Nouns

Noun Phrases

There are eight potential positions in nominal phrases in Huaylas Quechua:

1. Demonstrative Pronoun
2. Quantifier
3. Number phrase
4. Negation
5. Preadjective
6. Adjective
7. Attributive Noun
8. Nuclear Noun

with the nuclear noun always coming last in the phrase.

Similarly to English, nouns can directly modify the following noun in a noun phrase ^{[1] [3]}. For example, the noun phrase hara chakra, meaning corn farm, is composed of the noun adjunct hara (corn) first, and the modified chakra (farm) ^[4] second.

Pronouns

There are different types of pronouns in Huaylas Quechua.

Personal Pronouns

Huaylas	Classification	English gloss
nuqa	first person singular	my
qam	plural	-
pay	comitative-instrumental case	with (the, a)
noqantsik	first person plural (inclusive)	we
noqakuna	first person plural (exclusive)	we
qamkuna	second person plural	you all
paykuna	third person plural	they

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns

Huaylas	English translation
ima	what
pi	who
may	where
ayka	how much/many
imay	when
imaq	why
imanir	why
mayqa-	which

Indefinite-Interrogative Pronouns have two functions: to introduce prenominal questions, and when paired with the enclitic pi-, to form indefinite pronouns.

• The pronoun mayqa- always inflects with the personal suffix

Demonstrative Pronouns

Huaylas	English translation
kay	this (proximal)
tsay/hay	that (medial)
taqay	that over there (distal)
wak	that other
washa	that over there; from there

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Quantifiers

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Adjectives

Gary J. Parker separates the "adjective phrase" into two parts: the preadjective (optional) and the adjective (obligatory). A preadjective is "a word that modifies only adjectives, not nouns" ^[1]. In English, this would be like the word very. Preadjectives always precede the adjective in Huaylas Quechua.

The only preadjectives noted in Huaylas Quechua are

• aysi = very
• mas= more
• llumpay= very, too much
• allaapa= very

The preadjective allaapa can be used as an adjective/adverb, though.

An indefinite number of adjectives can precede the noun in the adjective phrase.

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Noun Inflection

Because Huaylas Quechua is agglutinative and polysynthetic, inflections are added to the original morpheme. There is a strict order (see the section "Combining Inflections" for more.

Plural

Plural nouns are formed by attaching the suffix kuna to the end of the original morpheme. Marking a noun as plural is not necessary if the noun already has a number or quantifier in the same phrase.

Plural Morph Test

maki (hand)

• maki<n><pl> ↔ makikuna

wayi (house)

• wayi<n><pl> ↔ wayikuna

warni (woman)

• warni<n><pl> ↔ warnikuna

Possession

Possession is indicated by attaching a suffix to the original morpheme.

Possessive Pronouns Master Table

Huaylas	Classification	English gloss
vowel or nii	first person singular	my
-yki, -ki, -niki	second person singular	your
-n, -nin	third person singular	his/her
-ntsik, -nintsik	first person plural (inclusive)	our

Possessive Pronouns Based on Final Letter of Word Stem

Pronoun	a or u	i	short vowel	long vowel or consonant
first person singular	-	-	lengthen vote;	-nii
second person singular	-yki	-ki	-	-niki
third person singular	-	-	-n	-nin
first person plural	-	-	-ntsik	-nintsik

Possession Morph Test

wayi (house)

• house<n><sg><px1sg> ↔ wayii

wayi (house)

• wayi<n><pl> ↔ wayikuna

warni (woman)

• warni<n><pl> ↔ warnikuna

wayii wayiki wayin

urkuu urkuyki

peqaa peqayki

yawarnii yawarniki

llumtsuynii llumtsuyniki

raqaani raqaaniki

Combining Inflections

Nouns inflect in the following order:

1. Categories of person (possessor) → 2. Number (singular/plural) → 3. Case

The following table gives an example of different regular suffixes that demonstrate the inflection order when paired with nouns.

Inflections Example

Huaylas	Inflection Type	English gloss
ki	possessor	your
kuna	plural	-
wan	comitative-instrumental case	with (the, a)

maki (hand)

• maki<n><pos><pl><com><ins> ↔ makikikunawan

wayi (house)

• wayi<n><pos><pl><com><ins> ↔ wayikikunawan

warni (woman)

• warni<n><pos><pl><com><ins> ↔ warnikikunawan

Verbs

Verbs are another major part of speech and are conjugated by attaching suffixes. The suffix -ya(a) placed before the personal suffix indicates plurality across all tenses.

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Conjugations

Present Tense

In the present tense, the verb only takes a personal suffix.

Present Tense Conjugation

Person	Suffix	Tag
First person singular	-ː	<p1><sg>
Second person singular	nki	<p2><sg>
Third person singular	n	<p3><sg>
First person plural (inclusive)	ntsik	<p1><pl><inc>
First person plural (exclusive)	yaa:	<p1><pl><exc>
Second person plural	yaanki	<p2><pl>
Third person plural	yaan	<p3><pl>

Morph Tests

wiya (to hear)

• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ wiyaa
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ wiyanki
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ wiyan
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><inc><pl> ↔ wiyantsik
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ wiyayaa
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ wiyayanki
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ wiyayan

punuy (to sleep)

• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ punuu
• punu<v><iv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ pununki
• punu<v><iv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ punun
• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><inc><pl> ↔ pununtsik
• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ punuyaa
• punu<v><iv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ punuyanki
• punu<v><iv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ punuyan

wanuy (to die)

• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ wanuu
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ wanunki
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ wanun
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><inc><pl> ↔ wanuntsik
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ wanuyaa
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ wanuyanki
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ wanuyan

Preterite Tense

In the preterite tense, the suffix -rqa is placed before the personal suffix.

Preterite Tense Conjugation

Person	Suffix	Tag
First person singular	-rqa-ː	<p1><sg>
Second person singular	-rqa-nki	<p2><sg>
Third person singular	-rqa-n	<p3><sg>
First person plural (inclusive)	-rqa-ntsik	<p1><pl><inc>
First person plural (exclusive)	yaa-rqa-ː	<p1><pl><exc>
Second person plural	yaa-rqa-nki	<p2><pl>
Third person plural	yaa-rqa-n	<p3><pl>

Morph Tests

wiya (to hear)

• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ wiyarqaa
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ wiyarqaykii
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ wiyarqan
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><inc>Template:Tagpl ↔ wiyarqantsik
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ wiyayarqaa
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ wiyayaqayki
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ wiyayarqan

punuy (to sleep)

• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ punurqaa
• punu<v><iv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ punurqayki
• punu<v><iv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ punurqan
• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><inc><pl> ↔ punurqantsik
• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ punuyarqaa
• punu<v><iv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ punurqaykii
• punu<v><iv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ punuyarqan

wanuy (to die)

• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ wanurqaa
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ wanurqayki
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ wanurqan
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><inc><pl> ↔ wanurqantsik
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ wanurqaa
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ wanurqayki
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ wanuyarqan

Future Tense

Compared to the present and preterite, the future behaves irregularly. Some conjugations do not change from their present forms.

Preterite Tense Conjugation

Person	Suffix	Tag
First person singular	-shaq	<p1><sg>
Second person singular	-nki	<p2><sg>
Third person singular	-nqa	<p3><sg>
First person plural (inclusive)	-sun	<p1><pl><inc>
First person plural (exclusive)	-ya-shaq	<p1><pl><exc>
Second person plural	-ya-nki	<p2><pl>
Third person plural	-ya-shun	<p3><pl>

Morph Tests

wiya (to hear)

• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ wiyashaq
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ wiyanki
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ wiyanki
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><inc><pl> ↔ wiyashum
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ wiyayashaq
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ wiyayanki
• wiya<v><tv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ wiyayashun

punu (to sleep)

• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ punushaq
• punu<v><iv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ pununki
• punu<v><iv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ pununqa
• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><inc><pl> ↔ punushun
• punu<v><iv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ punuyashaq
• punu<v><iv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ punuyanki
• punu<v><iv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ punuyashun

wanuy (to die)

• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><sg> ↔ wanushaq
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p2><sg> ↔ wanunki
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p3><sg> ↔ wanunqa
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><inc><pl> ↔ wanushun
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p1><exc><pl> ↔ wanuyashaq
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p2><pl> ↔ wanuyanki
• wanu<v><iv><pres><p3><pl> ↔ wanuyashun

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Verb Transitions

Verb inflection from human subject to human object, or transitions, must comply with the following rules^[1]:

1. 1. No suffix can mark the third person as an object
   2. If the verb is reflexive (the subject and object refer to the same person), the object is dropped
   3. If the first person is the object, the suffix -ma(a) is used
   4. If the second person is the object and the first person is the subject, the suffix -q is used
   5. If the second person is the object and the third person is the subject, the sequence -shu…nki must be used

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Present Tense Transitions

Present Transitions

Transition	Suffix	Description
1 → 2	-q	First person (subj), second person (obj)
2 → 1	-maa-nki	Second person (subj), first person (obj)
3 → 1	-maa-n	Third person (subj), first person (obj)
3 → 1 (pl., inc)	-maa-ntsik	Third person (subj.), first person plural inclusive (obj)
3 → 2	-shu-nki	Third person (subj.), second person (obj.)

As with verb tenses, plural is formed by inserting a -ya(a) in the penultimate position (in between the verb and the suffix). However, plural subjects and objects produce ambiguity. (The only exception is the 3 → 1 transition where the first person is the first-person plural inclusive "we"). For example, wiyayaq can refer to:

we (exclusive) hear you

I hear y'all

We hear y'all