Difference between revisions of "Japhug and English/ContrastiveGrammars"
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(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.) | (Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.) | ||
| − | * {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.| | + | * {{transferTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ.|These (the children) like school.}} |
: {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}} | : {{transferMorphTest|jya|eng|kɯkɯra{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} xuexiao{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}} ɲɯrganɯ{{tag|v}}{{tag|sens}}{{tag|pl}}|These{{tag|dem}}{{tag|prox}}{{tag|pl}} like{{tag|vblex}} school{{tag|n}}}} | ||
Revision as of 14:44, 27 April 2023
1. For clauses with transitive verbs, in Japhug the object generally precedes the verb (and follows the subject). In English however the object follows the verb.
- (jya) βzaŋsa tonɯpandʑi. → (eng) (They) made friends (with each other).
- (jya) βzaŋsa<n><ind> tonɯpandʑi<v><du> → (eng) They<prn><sbj><pl> made<vblex> friends<n><pl>
(Note: Japhug intransitive verbs require an object but not a subject, unlike in English.)
- (jya) kɯkɯra xuexiao ɲɯrganɯ. → (eng) These (the children) like school.
- (jya) kɯkɯra<dem><prox><pl> xuexiao<n><ind> ɲɯrganɯ<v><sens><pl> → (eng) These<dem><prox><pl> like<vblex> school<n>
2. Japhug generally uses postpositions to express relative position (i.e., locative postpositions zɯ, tɕu and ri), whereas English uses prepositions.
- (jya) jonɯɕe tɕe, tʂu tɕu ɲɤmtsɯr. → (eng) They went, and on the road they were hungry.
- (jya) jonɯɕe<v><ifr><auto> tɕe<lnk>, tʂu<n> tɕu<post><loc> ɲɤmtsɯr<v><ifr> → (eng) They<prn><sbj> went<vblex>, and<lnk> on<pr><loc> the<det><def> road<n> they<prn><sbj> were<aux><past> hungry<vblex>
- (jya) ambro ɯjme zɯ kɤzo. → (eng) Land on my horse's tail.
- (jya) ambro<n><px1sg> ɯjme<n><px3sg> zɯ<post><loc> kɤzo<v><imp> → (eng) Land<vblex> on<pr><loc> my<adv> horse's<n><poss> tail<n>
3. Japhug expresses negation by a prefix on the verb, where English requires an adverb like "not" (and often an auxiliary verb like "did").
- (jya) aʑo mɯpɯrɤʑia. → (eng) I was not present.
- (jya) aʑo<prn><1sg> mɯpɯrɤʑia<v><neg><pst> → (eng) I<prn><1sg> was<aux><pst> not<adv><neg> present<vblex>
- (jya) khramba kɤβzu mɤpe. → (eng) Telling lies is bad.
- (jya) khramba<n> kɤβzu<v><inf> mɤpe<v><neg> → (eng) Telling<vblex><ipfv> lies<n><pl> is<v> bad<adj>
4. The Japhug causative prefix on verbs would generally require a complementary clause with a verb like "made" on the "original" subject of the verb (i.e., the agent being "caused" to perform the action described by the verb).
- (jya) ɯʑo kɯ nɤʑo pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa. → (eng) They caused me to see you.
- (jya) ɯʑo<prn><3sg> kɯ<post><erg> nɤʑo<prn><2sg> pɯ́wɣsɯmtoa<v><ipfv><inv><caus><1sg> → (eng) He<prn><3sg> caused<vblex><pst> me<prn><1sg><obj> to<aux> see<vblex> you<prn><2sg>
5. Japhug verbs can take dual (-ndʑi) and plural (-nɯ) indexation suffixes, that can take the place of second or third person dual/plural pronouns as the object of the verb. E.g., a clause can consist of an intransitive verb alone, with a dual prefix in place of its argument. However it doesn't always do this, it can simply be an agreement with the object(s).
- (jya) ɕɤrɯ nɯ ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ toβzundʑi tɕe. → (eng) They made two piles from the bones.
- (jya) ɕɤrɯ<n> nɯ<dem> ʁnɯtɤrtsɯɣ<n> toβzundʑi<v><ifr><du> tɕe<lnk> → (eng) They<prn><pl> made<vblex><pst> two<adj> piles<n><pl> from<pr> the<det><def> bones<n><pl>
- (jya) maka ɯtaʁ mɯpjɤpenɯ. → (eng) They were not good to him.
- (jya) maka<adv> ɯtaʁ<n><px3sg> mɯpjɤpenɯ<v><neg><ipfv><ifr><pl> → (eng) They<prn><pl> were<aux><pst> not<adv> good<adj> to<pr> him<prn><3sg>
