Difference between revisions of "Kamba and English/ContrastiveGrammar"
m (→Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun) |
m (→Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun) |
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Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well. | Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well. | ||
| − | * {{transferTest|kam|eng| | + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene.|Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.}} |
| − | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|bũi{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}}giti{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} na{{tag|cnjcoo}} g’ombe{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl9}}{{tag|sg}} ĩ{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|prc}} nyanya{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}} anene{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl2}}{{tag|pl}}|Goat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} and{{tag|cnjcoo}} cow{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} great{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} friends{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} |
| − | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya | + | * {{transferTest|kam|eng|Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ.|We are trading new poles.}} |
*: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | *: {{transferMorphTest|kam|eng|tandĩthy{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|prc}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} konzo{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}} eũ{{tag|adj}}{{tag|cl4}}{{tag|pl}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} trade{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} poles{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
Revision as of 23:07, 9 May 2023
Contents
Kam-Eng Tests
Noun - Determiner --> Determiner - Noun
Because Kamba is a noun-modifier language, its nouns precede the determiner, in these cases, the demonstrative that modifies it, whereas in English, a modifier-noun language, the demonstrative precedes the noun it modifies.
- (kam) ilinda yĩĩ ni yaasa. → (eng) This dress is long.
- (kam) linda<n><sg><cl5> a<dem><sg><cl5> ĩ<vbser> asa<adj><cl5> → (eng) This<det><dem><sg> dress<n><sg> be<vbser><sg> long<adj><sg>
- (kam) Vulana ii ni nene. → (eng) This jersey is big.
- (kam) Vulana<n><sg><cl9> a<dem><sg><cl9> ĩ<vbser> asa<adj><cl9> → (eng) This<det><dem><sg> jersey<n><sg> ĩ<vbser><pres><p3><sg> big<adj><sint>
Noun - Possessive Pronoun --> Possessive Pronoun - Noun
Noun - Adjective --> Adjective - Noun
Again, because modifiers generally follow their nouns in Kamba, whereas the opposite is true in English, this is also true for adjectives, and we will have to have some structural transfer rules for this case as well.
- (kam) Mbũi Ngiti na Ng’ombe nĩ anyanyae anene. → (eng) Goat, Dog, and Cow are great friends.
- (kam) bũi<cl9><sg>giti<n><cl9><sg> na<cnjcoo> g’ombe<n><cl9><sg> ĩ<vbser><prc> nyanya<n><cl2><pl> anene<adj><cl2><pl> → (eng) Goat<n><sg> dog<n><sg> and<cnjcoo> cow<n><sg> be<vbser><pres> great<adj><sint> friends<n><pl>
- (kam) Nĩtũũtandĩthya mĩkonzo myeũ. → (eng) We are trading new poles.
- (kam) tandĩthy<vblex><prc><p1><pl> konzo<n><cl4><pl> eũ<adj><cl4><pl> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl> be<vbser><pres> trade<vblex><pprs> new<adj><sint> poles<n><pl>
Complex Verb Tense System
Kamba has a complex verb system that includes tense, aspect, mood, and negation markers. In English, tense, aspect, mood, and negation are often expressed using separate words or constructions, while in Kamba, these features are marked using specific affixes attached to the verb stem.
No Definite articles
In English, we use the definite article "the" to refer to specific or previously mentioned nouns. For example, "the dog" refers to a particular dog that has already been mentioned or is known to both the speaker and listener. However, in Kamba, there is no equivalent definite article. Instead, the noun classes and contextual information are used to indicate specificity.
(kam) Sokisi ni nguvi. → (eng) The socks are short.
- (kam) Sokisi<n><pl><cl9> ĩ<vbser> guvi<adj><cl9> → (eng) The <null> sock<n><pl> be<vbser> short<adj>
