Difference between revisions of "Miyako/Grammar"
From LING073
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| causative ||{{tag|caus}} || っさす || あす || {{morphTest|どぅみ{{tag|caus}}|どぅみっさす}} | | causative ||{{tag|caus}} || っさす || あす || {{morphTest|どぅみ{{tag|caus}}|どぅみっさす}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | passive/potential ||{{tag|pot}} ||らい ||あい || | + | | passive/potential ||{{tag|pot}} ||らい ||あい || {{morphTest|みー{{tag|caus}}|みーらい}} |
|- | |- | ||
|honorific || {{tag|hon}}|| さま||あま || | |honorific || {{tag|hon}}|| さま||あま || | ||
Revision as of 07:10, 13 February 2017
Contents
Parts of Speech
Ikema has nouns, verbs, adnominals, adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections.
| Part of speech | Tag | Example |
|---|---|---|
| noun | <n> | ぼーしゃ<n> ↔ ぼーしゃ |
| verb | <v> | いでぃー<v> ↔ いでぃー |
| adnominal | <adn> | かぬ<adn> ↔ かぬ |
| adverb | <adv> | |
| conjunction | <cnj> | |
| interjection | <ij> | あー<ij> ↔ あー |
There are also postpositions and final particles.
Postpositions
Postpositions, or particles, attach to nouns, and multiple particles can be attached to one noun.
| Romaji | Hiragana | Function | Tag | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | あ | topic 1 | <top1> | ぼーしゃ<n><top1> ↔ ぼーしゃあ |
| gyaa | ぎゃー | topic 2 | <top2> | とぅか<n><top1> ↔ とぅかぎゃー |
| ga | が | nominative | <nom> | っヴぁ<n><nom> ↔ っヴぁが |
| nu | ぬ | genitive | <gen> | なし<n><gen> ↔ なしぬ |
| u | う | accusative | <acc> | なし<n><acc> ↔ なしう |
| du | どぅ | focus | <foc> | やらび<n><foc> ↔ やらびどぅ |
| n | ん | dative | <dat> | かま<n><dat> ↔ かまん |
| ti | てぃ | quotative | <quot> | ひやさ<n><quot> ↔ ひやさてぃ |
| nkai | んかい | allative 1 | <all1> | じてんしゃ<n><all1> ↔ じてんしゃんかい |
| nki | んき | allative 2 | <all2> | |
| taahii | たーひー | limitative | <lim> | |
| kara | から | ablative | <abl> | じてんしゃ<n><abl> ↔ じてんしゃから |
| hii | ひー | instrumental | <ins> | ばた<n><ins> ↔ ばたひー |
| tu | とぅ | comitative | <com> | うい<n><com> ↔ ういとぅ |
| ncɨkyaa | んつきゃー | comparative | <comp> |
Combinations:
- たるがなー<n><nom><foc> ↔ たるがなーがどぅ
- きつぎ<n><dat><quot><foc> ↔ きつぎんてぃどぅ
- ふたーつ<n><dat><top1> ↔ ふたーつんな
Notes:
- Several other things seem to be used for topic 1, including nu, ya, zya, and sa.
- ga and nu can both be either genitive or nominative.
List of final particles
Final particles attach to the end of a sentence. They are all tagged with <mod>.
| Romaji | Hiragana | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| doo | どー | information is not shared with the hearer | うらあかぎむぬ<mod> ↔ うらあかぎむぬどー |
| i | い | information is shared with the hearer | うらあかぎむぬ<mod> ↔ うらあかぎむぬい |
| na | な | Y/N question | うらあっヴぁがぼーし<mod> ↔ うらあっヴぁがぼーしな |
| ga | が | Wh question | なうばいほぅでぃ<mod> ↔ なうばいほぅでぃが |
| da | だ | how about ~? | っヴぁ<top1><mod> ↔ っヴぁあだ |
Noun suffixes
| Romaji | HIragana | Function | Tag | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gama | がま | Diminutive | <dim> | とぅい<n><dim> ↔ とぅいがま |
| mmi | っみ | Plural 1 | <pl1> | やらび<n><pl1> ↔ やらびっみ |
| ta | た | Plural 2 | <pl2> | みどぅん<n><pl2> ↔ みどぅんた |
| nagi | なぎ | Approximative | <app> |
Notes:
- In the Introduction to Ryukyuan PDF, っみ is listed as pl1 in the table of suffices, but then is glossed as pl2 in the Pear Story.
- kya is glossed as pl3 in the Pear Story, but is not in the table
Additional examples:
- しま<n><dim> ↔ しまがま (small island)
- っふぁ<n><dim> ↔ っふぁがま (small child)
- ぷし<n><dim> ↔ ぷしがま (small star)
- ひとぅ<n><pl1> ↔ ひとぅっみ (people)
- ばな<n><pl1> ↔ ばなっみ (flowers)
Adjectival stems
Adjectives cannot stand on their own, but adjectival stems (or property concepts) can be compounded with nouns.
Noun examples:
- small + child = small child
- いみ<adj>+っふぁ<n> ↔ いみっふぁ
- black + goat = black goat
- っふがら<adj>+ひんじゃ<n> ↔ っふがらひんじゃ
- expensive + fish = expensive fish
- たかだい<adj>+っぞぅ<n> ↔ たかだいっぞぅ
Adjectival stems part 2
The suffix -むぬ can be added to an adjective stem to nominalise it.
- かぎ<n><nz> ↔ かぎむぬ (beautiful thing)
- じゃう<n><nz> ↔ じゃうむぬ (good thing)
- かさます<n><nz> ↔ かさますむぬ (frustrating thing)
The suffix -ふぅcan be added to an adjective stem to adverbalise it.
- じゃう<n><az> ↔ じゃうふぅ (well)
Note: adjectives are negated with adverbalization plus the verb nyaan.
The suffix -かい can be added to an adjective stem to verbalise it.
- じゃう<n><vz> ↔ じゃうかい
Personal Pronouns
| Romaji | HIragana | Function | Tag | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ba | ば | 1 Sg | <p1><sg> | |
| vva | っヴぁ | 2 Sg | <p2><sg> | |
| ura | うら | 3 Sg inanimate | <p3><sg><nn> | |
| kai | かい | 3 Sg animate | <p3><sg><aa> | |
| karaa | からー | 3 Sg animate top | <p3><sg><aa><top> | |
| karuu | かるー | 3 Sg animate acc | <p3><sg><aa><acc> | |
| banchaa | ばんちゃー | 1 Pl animate | <p1><pl><aa> |
Finite Verbs
| Romaji | Hiragana | Function | Tag | Class 1 Example | Class 2 Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| baa | ばー | hortative | <hort> | いでぃー<v><hort> ↔ いでぃばー | くず<v><hort> ↔ くがばー |
| di | でぃ | volitional | <vol> | いでぃー<v><vol> ↔ いでぃでぃ | くず<v><vol> ↔ くがでぃ |
| zyaan | じゃーん | negative volitional | <vol><neg> | いでぃー<v><vol><neg> ↔ いでぃじゃーん | くず<v><vol><neg> ↔ くがじゃーん |
| n | ん | negative | <neg> | いでぃー<v><neg> ↔ いでぃん | くず<v><neg> ↔ くがん |
| ddan | っだん | negative past | <neg><past> | いでぃー<v><past><neg> ↔ いでぃっだん | くず<v><past><neg> ↔ くがっだん |
| ru | る | imperative | <imp> | いでぃー<v><imp> ↔ いでぃる | くず<v><imp> ↔ くぎ |
| i | い | non-past | <npst> | いでぃー<v><npst> ↔ いでぃー | くず<v><npst> ↔ くず |
| tai | たい | past | <past> | いでぃー<v><past> ↔ いでぃたい | くず<v><past> ↔ くずたい |
| na | な | prohibitive | <proh> | いでぃー<v><proh> ↔ いでぃな | くず<v><proh> ↔ くずな |
| gamata | がまた | future | <ft> | いでぃー<v><ft> ↔ いでぃがまた | くず<v><ft> ↔ くざ’がまた |
| n | ん | speculative | <spec> | いでぃー<v><spec> ↔ いでぃん | くず<v><spec> ↔ くずん |
Converbs
| Romaji | Hiragana | Function | Tag | Class 1 Example | Class 2 Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ban | ばん | concession | <cvb_con> | いでぃい<v><cvb_con> ↔ いでぃばん | くず<v><cvb_con> ↔ くがばん |
| da | だ | negative absolutive | <cvb_abs><neg> | いでぃい<v><cvb_abs><neg> ↔ いでぃだ | くず<v><cvb_abs><neg> ↔ くがだ |
| dakaa | だかー | negative conditional | <cvb_cni><neg> | いでぃい<v><cvb_cni><neg> ↔ いでぃだかー | くず<v><cvb_cni><neg> ↔ くがだかー |
| i | い | absolutive | <cvb_abs> | いでぃい<v><cvb_abs> ↔ いでぃー | くず<v><cvb_abs> ↔ くぎー |
| utui | うとぅい | circumstantial | <cvb_circ> | いでぃい<v><cvb_circ> ↔ いでぃうとぅい | くず<v><cvb_circ> ↔ くぎうとぅい |
| ccyaan | っちゃーん | simultaneous | <cvb_sim> | いでぃい<v><cvb_sim> ↔ いでぃっちゃーん | くず<v><cvb_sim> ↔ くざ’っちゃーん |
| tuu | とぅー | immediate anterior | <cvb_ant> | いでぃい<v><cvb_ant> ↔ いでぃとぅー | くず<v><cvb_ant> ↔ くずとぅー |
| ga | が | purpose | <cvb_pur> | いでぃい<v><cvb_pur> ↔ いでぃが | くず<v><cvb_pur> ↔ くずが |
| tigaa | てぃがー | conditional 1 | <cvb_cni1> | いでぃい<v><cvb_cni1> ↔ いでぃてぃがー | くず<v><cvb_cni1> ↔ くずてぃがー |
| ttaa | ったー | conditional 2 | <cvb_cni2> | いでぃい<v><cvb_cni2> ↔ いでぃったー | くず<v><cvb_cni2> ↔ くずったー |
Other verb suffixes
| Function | Tag | Class 1 suffix | Class 2 suffix | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| causative | <caus> | っさす | あす | どぅみ<caus> ↔ どぅみっさす |
| passive/potential | <pot> | らい | あい | みー<caus> ↔ みーらい |
| honorific | <hon> | さま | あま |
Other things
- Ikema does not have productive reduplication, unlike other Miyako dialects
- Miyako has classifiers for counting objects like Japanese does.
