Difference between revisions of "Plattdüütsch/Grammar"
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Revision as of 17:34, 20 February 2025
Contents
Parts of Speech
Verbs
Person
Tense
Nouns
Plurals
In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the stem can be shortened, stem-final nd can become n or nn, and stem-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.
-er
ey<n><pl> ↔ eyer ("eggs")
kind<n><pl> ↔ kinder/kinner ("children")
veld<n><pl> ↔ velder ("fields")
kalf<n><pl> ↔ kalver ("calves")
-en
see<n><pl> ↔ seen ("lakes")
daal<n><pl> ↔ dalen ("valleys")
ring<n><pl> ↔ ringen ("rings")
knecht<n><pl> ↔ knechten ("servant")
-s
morgen<n><pl> ↔ morgens ("mornings")
engel<n><pl> ↔ engels ("angels")
penning<n><pl> ↔ pennings ("pennies")
vader<n><pl> ↔ vaders ("fathers")
-e
dag /dax/<n><pl> ↔ dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")
Umlaut
boom /boːm/<n><pl> ↔ boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")
hals /haɫs/<n><pl> ↔ helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")
smid /smɪt/<n><pl> ↔ smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")
wulf /vʊɫf/<n><pl> ↔ wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")
Umlaut + -er
dorp<n><pl> ↔ dörper ("villages")
land<n><pl> ↔ lender ("lands")
book<n><pl> ↔ boeker ("books")
Umlaut + -e
wald<n><pl> ↔ welde ("forests")
stad<n><pl> ↔ stêde ("cities")
Umlaut + loss of final d
hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")
band<n><pl> ↔ ben ("bands")
hund<n><pl> ↔ hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)
No change
wapen<n><pl> ↔ wapen ("coats of arms")
swyn<n><pl> ↔ swyn ("pigs")
knee<n><pl> ↔ knee ("knees")
Adjectives
Regular Adjectives
| m | f | n |
|---|---|---|
| -en (sing.), -e (pl.) | -e | - |
| m | f | n | pl |
|---|---|---|---|
| -e (nom.), -en (obl.) | -e | -e | -en |
Irregular Adjectives
Pronouns
| 1st sg | 1st pl | 2nd sg | 2nd pl | 3rd sg | 3rd pl (and 2nd formal) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | ik | wi | du | ji | he (m), se (f), it (n) | se |
| Obl. | mi | us | di | ju | em, er, it | em |
| 1st sg | 1st pl | 2nd sg | 2nd pl | 3rd sg | 3rd pl (and 2nd formal) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mien | us | dien | juw/joon/juun | sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) | e(h)r |
We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality.
| 1st sg. | 1st pl. | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | ik<prn><nom><pers><p1><sg> ↔ ik | ik<prn>}<nom><pers><p1><pl> ↔ wi |
| Obl. | ik<prn><obl><pers><p1><sg> ↔ mi | ik<prn><obl><pers><p1><pl> ↔ us |
| 2nd sg. | 2nd pl. | 2nd. frm | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | du<prn><nom><pers><p2><sg><infml> ↔ du | du<prn><nom><pers><p2><pl><infml> ↔ ji | du<prn><nom><pers><p2><sg/pl><frm> ↔ se |
| Obl. | du<prn><obl><pers><p2><sg><infml> ↔ di | du<prn><obl><pers><p2><pl><infml> ↔ ju | du<prn><obl><pers><p2><sg/pl><frm> ↔ em |
| 3rd sg. m. | 3rd sg. f. | 3rd sg. m. | 3rd pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | he<prn><nom><pers><p3><m><sg> ↔ he | he<prn><nom><pers><p3><f><sg> ↔ se | he<prn><nom><pers><p3><nt><sg> ↔ it | he<prn><nom><pers><p3><gd><pl> ↔ se |
| Obl. | he<prn><obl><pers><p3><m><sg> ↔ em | he<prn><obl><pers><p3><f><sg> ↔ er | he<prn><obl><pers><p3><nt><sg> ↔ it | he<prn><obl><pers><p3><gd><pl> ↔ em |
Determiners
| m | f/pl | n | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | de | de | dat |
| Acc. | (d)en | de | (d)en |
| Dat. | (d)en | de | dat |
In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.
- de<det><m><dat><sg> ↔ den
- de<det><nt><dat><sg> ↔ dat
In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses.
- de<det><m><gen><sg> ↔ vun den
- de<det><nt><gen><sg> ↔ vun dat
- de<det><nt><gen><sg> ↔ vun dat
- de<det><m><gen><pl> ↔ vun de
Accusative:
- de<det><nt><acc><sg> ↔ (d)en
- de<det><m><acc><sg> ↔ (d)en
- de<det><f><acc><sg> ↔ de
Plurals:
- de<det><m><acc><pl> ↔ de
- de<det><nt><dat><pl> ↔ de
- de<det><f><nom><pl> ↔ de
In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.
| m | f | pl | nt | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | : de<det><m><nom><sg> ↔ de | : de<det><f><nom><sg> ↔ de | : de<det><gd><nom><pl> ↔ de | : de<det><nt><nom><sg> ↔ dat |
| Acc. | : de<det><m><acc><sg> ↔ (d)en | : de<det><f><acc><sg> ↔ de | : de<det><gd><acc><pl> ↔ de | : de<det><nt><acc><sg> ↔ (d)en |
| Dat. | : de<det><m><dat><sg> ↔ (d)en | : de<det><f><dat><sg> ↔ de | : de<det><gd><dat><pl> ↔ de | : de<det><nt><dat><sg> ↔ dat |
| Gen. | : de<det><m><gen><sg> ↔ vun de | : de<det><f><gen><sg> ↔ vun de | : de<det><gd><gen><pl> ↔ vun de | : de<det><nt><gen><sg> ↔ vun dat |
