Difference between revisions of "Plattdüütsch/Grammar"

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(→‎Pronouns)
(→‎Plurals)
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In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the stem can be shortened, stem-final nd can become n or nn, and stem-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.
 
In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the stem can be shortened, stem-final nd can become n or nn, and stem-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.
  
−
'''-er'''
+
==='''-er'''===
 +
: {{morphTest|Wief{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wievers}}
  
−
ey<n><pl> ↔ eyer ("eggs")
+
: {{morphTest|Wicht{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wichter}}
  
−
kind<n><pl> ↔ kinder/kinner ("children")
+
: {{morphTest|Lief{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Lievers}}
  
−
veld<n><pl> ↔ velder ("fields")
+
==='''-en'''===
 +
: {{morphTest|Hann{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Hannen}}
  
−
kalf<n><pl> ↔ kalver ("calves")
+
: {{morphTest|Wier{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wieren}}
  
−
'''-en'''
+
: {{morphTest|Döör{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Döören}}
  
−
see<n><pl> ↔ seen ("lakes")
+
: {{morphTest|Oog{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Oogen}}
  
−
daal<n><pl> ↔ dalen ("valleys")
+
==='''-s'''===
  
−
ring<n><pl> ↔ ringen ("rings")
+
: {{morphTest|Macker{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Mackers}}
  
−
knecht<n><pl> ↔ knechten ("servant")
+
: {{morphTest|Vagel{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Vagels}}
  
−
'''-s'''
+
: {{morphTest|Kaptein{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Kapteins}}
  
−
morgen<n><pl> ↔ morgens ("mornings")
+
==='''-e'''===
 +
: {{morphTest|Dag{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dage}}
  
−
engel<n><pl> ↔ engels ("angels")
 
  
−
penning<n><pl> ↔ pennings ("pennies")
+
==='''Umlaut'''===
 +
: {{morphTest|Worm{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Wörm}}
 +
: {{morphTest|Boom{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Bööm}}
 +
: {{morphTest|Danz{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dänz}}
  
−
vader<n><pl> ↔ vaders ("fathers")
 
  
−
'''-e'''
 
  
−
dag /dax/<n><pl> ↔ dage /dɔːːɣ/ ("days")
 
−
 
−
'''Umlaut'''
 
−
 
−
boom /boːm/<n><pl> ↔ boeme /bøːːm/ ("trees")
 
−
 
−
hals /haɫs/<n><pl> ↔ helse /hɛːːɫz/ ("necks")
 
−
 
−
smid /smɪt/<n><pl> ↔ smêde /smɛːːd/ ("smiths")
 
−
 
−
wulf /vʊɫf/<n><pl> ↔ wülve /vʏːːɫv/ ("wolves")
 
  
 
'''Umlaut + -er'''
 
'''Umlaut + -er'''
 +
: {{morphTest|Dorp{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Dörper}}
  
−
dorp<n><pl> ↔ dörper ("villages")
 
  
−
land<n><pl> ↔ lender ("lands")
+
: {{morphTest|Book{{tag|n}}{{tag|gd}}{{tag|nom}}{{tag|pl}}|Böker}}
  
−
book<n><pl> ↔ boeker ("books")
 
  
−
'''Umlaut + -e'''
+
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''
  
−
wald<n><pl> ↔ welde ("forests")
 
  
−
stad<n><pl> ↔ stêde ("cities")
 
  
−
'''Umlaut + loss of final d'''
 
  
 
hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")
 
hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")

Revision as of 03:32, 22 February 2025


Parts of Speech

Verbs

Weak Verb /maaken/ ("make")
Present Preterite
1st sing. maak maak
2nd sing. maakst maakst
3rd sing. maakt maak
Pl. maakt maken
Strong Verb /helpen/ ("help")
Present Preterite
1st sing. help halp
2nd sing. hilpst hülpst
3rd sing. hilpt halp
Pl. helpt hülpen


Nouns

Plurals

In some plural forms as shown below, long verbs in the stem can be shortened, stem-final nd can become n or nn, and stem-final voiceless consonants can become voiced.

-er

: Wief<n><nt><nom><pl> ↔ Wievers

: Wicht<n><nt><nom><pl> ↔ Wichter

: Lief<n><nt><nom><pl> ↔ Lievers

-en

: Hann<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Hannen

: Wier<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Wieren

: Döör<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Döören

: Oog<n><nt><nom><pl> ↔ Oogen

-s

: Macker<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Mackers

: Vagel<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Vagels

: Kaptein<n><m><nom><pl> ↔ Kapteins

-e

: Dag<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Dage


Umlaut

: Worm<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Wörm
: Boom<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Bööm
: Danz<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Dänz



Umlaut + -er 

: Dorp<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Dörper



: Book<n><gd><nom><pl> ↔ Böker


Umlaut + loss of final d



hand<n><pl> ↔ hen ("hands")

band<n><pl> ↔ ben ("bands")

hund<n><pl> ↔ hün ("dogs") (attested but rare form)

No change

wapen<n><pl> ↔ wapen ("coats of arms")

swyn<n><pl> ↔ swyn ("pigs")

knee<n><pl> ↔ knee ("knees")

Adjectives

Regular Adjectives

Indefinite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)
m f n
-en (sing.), -e (pl.) -e -
Definite adjective endings (North Low Saxon)
m f n pl
-e (nom.), -en (obl.) -e -e -en

Irregular Adjectives

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns (North Low Saxon)
1st sg 1st pl 2nd sg 2nd pl 3rd sg 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)
Nom. ik wi du ji he (m), se (f), it (n) se
Obl. mi us di ju em, er, it em


Possessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)
1st sg 1st pl 2nd sg 2nd pl 3rd sg 3rd pl (and 2nd formal)
mien us dien juw/joon/juun sien (m/n), e(h)r (f) e(h)r
Tagged Possessive Pronouns (North Low Saxon)
1st sg 1st pl 2nd sg 2nd pl 2nd formal 3rd sg m/nt 3rd sg f 3rd pl
ik<prn><px1sg> ↔ mien ik<prn><px1pl> ↔ us du<prn><px2sg><infml> ↔ dien du<prn><px2pl><infml> ↔ juw du<prn><px2sg><frm> ↔ ehr he<prn><px3sg><m/nt> ↔ sien he<prn><px3sg><f> ↔ ehr he<prn><px3pl> ↔ ehr


We can see for the first person pronouns that there are two distinctions to note, oblique-ness and plurality.

1st person Pronoun 'ik' (North Low Saxon)
1st sg. 1st pl.
Nom. ik<prn><nom><pers><p1><sg> ↔ ik ik<prn>}<nom><pers><p1><pl> ↔ wi
Obl. ik<prn><obl><pers><p1><sg> ↔ mi ik<prn><obl><pers><p1><pl> ↔ us


2nd person Pronoun 'du' (North Low Saxon)
2nd sg. 2nd pl. 2nd. frm
Nom. du<prn><nom><pers><p2><sg><infml> ↔ du du<prn><nom><pers><p2><pl><infml> ↔ ji du<prn><nom><pers><p2><sg/pl><frm> ↔ se
Obl. du<prn><obl><pers><p2><sg><infml> ↔ di du<prn><obl><pers><p2><pl><infml> ↔ ju du<prn><obl><pers><p2><sg/pl><frm> ↔ em


3rd person Pronoun 'he' (North Low Saxon)
3rd sg. m. 3rd sg. f. 3rd sg. m. 3rd pl.
Nom. he<prn><nom><pers><p3><m><sg> ↔ he he<prn><nom><pers><p3><f><sg> ↔ se he<prn><nom><pers><p3><nt><sg> ↔ it he<prn><nom><pers><p3><gd><pl> ↔ se
Obl. he<prn><obl><pers><p3><m><sg> ↔ em he<prn><obl><pers><p3><f><sg> ↔ er he<prn><obl><pers><p3><nt><sg> ↔ it he<prn><obl><pers><p3><gd><pl> ↔ em

Determiners

Articles (North Low Saxon)
m f/pl n
Nom. de de dat
Acc. (d)en de (d)en
Dat. (d)en de dat


In Plattdüütsch determiners take on gender and case markings, as can be seen in the table above. In the examples below we can see how we handle dative.


de<det><m><dat><sg> ↔ den
de<det><nt><dat><sg> ↔ dat


In the following we can see that Plattdüütsch uses a 'vun'+nomDet form for genitive clauses.

de<det><m><gen><sg> ↔ vun den
de<det><nt><gen><sg> ↔ vun dat
de<det><nt><gen><sg> ↔ vun dat
de<det><m><gen><pl> ↔ vun de

Accusative:

de<det><nt><acc><sg> ↔ (d)en
de<det><m><acc><sg> ↔ (d)en
de<det><f><acc><sg> ↔ de


Plurals:

de<det><m><acc><pl> ↔ de
de<det><nt><dat><pl> ↔ de
de<det><f><nom><pl> ↔ de


In the chart below we can see what every variation of this looks like in Plattdüütsch.

Tagged Articles (North Low Saxon)
m f pl nt
Nom.  : de<det><m><nom><sg> ↔ de  : de<det><f><nom><sg> ↔ de  : de<det><gd><nom><pl> ↔ de  : de<det><nt><nom><sg> ↔ dat
Acc.  : de<det><m><acc><sg> ↔ (d)en  : de<det><f><acc><sg> ↔ de  : de<det><gd><acc><pl> ↔ de  : de<det><nt><acc><sg> ↔ (d)en
Dat.  : de<det><m><dat><sg> ↔ (d)en  : de<det><f><dat><sg> ↔ de : de<det><gd><dat><pl> ↔ de  : de<det><nt><dat><sg> ↔ dat
Gen.  : de<det><m><gen><sg> ↔ vun de  : de<det><f><gen><sg> ↔ vun de  : de<det><gd><gen><pl> ↔ vun de : de<det><nt><gen><sg> ↔ vun dat
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