Difference between revisions of "Limbu/Grammar"
From LING073
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'''Plurals''' | '''Plurals''' | ||
* Plurals are formed in this language through the addition of the suffix <<ᤄᤠ>> (gʰa) | * Plurals are formed in this language through the addition of the suffix <<ᤄᤠ>> (gʰa) | ||
| − | ** {{morphTest|ᤐᤢ{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ᤐᤢᤄᤠ}} [pu ("bird")/pugʰa] | + | ** {{morphTest|ᤐᤢ{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ᤐᤢᤄᤠ}} [pu ("bird")/pugʰa ("birds")] |
| − | ** {{morphTest|ᤋᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ᤋᤱᤄᤠ}} [toŋ ("arrow")/toŋgʰa] | + | ** {{morphTest|ᤋᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ᤋᤱᤄᤠ}} [toŋ ("arrow")/toŋgʰa ("arrows")] |
| − | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣ{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣᤄᤠ}} [ambɛ ("mango")/ambɛgʰa] | + | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣ{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣᤄᤠ}} [ambɛ ("mango")/ambɛgʰa ("mangoes")] |
'''Duals''' | '''Duals''' | ||
* Duals are formed in this language through the addition of the suffix <<ᤄᤠᤇᤡ>> (gʰachi) | * Duals are formed in this language through the addition of the suffix <<ᤄᤠᤇᤡ>> (gʰachi) | ||
| − | ** {{morphTest|ᤐᤢ{{tag|n}}{{tag| | + | ** {{morphTest|ᤐᤢ{{tag|n}}{{tag|du}}|ᤐᤢᤄᤠᤇᤡ}} [pu ("bird")/pugʰachi ("two birds")] |
| − | ** {{morphTest|ᤋᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag| | + | ** {{morphTest|ᤋᤱ{{tag|n}}{{tag|du}}|ᤋᤱᤄᤠᤇᤡ}} [toŋ ("arrow")/toŋgʰachi ("two arrows")] |
| − | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣ{{tag|n}}{{tag| | + | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣ{{tag|n}}{{tag|du}}|ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣᤄᤠᤇᤡ}} [ambɛ ("mango")/ambɛgʰachi ("two mangoes")] |
| + | ===Gender=== | ||
| + | There is minimal grammatical gender in this language. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Gender is reflected in some handful of the nouns in Limbu which refer to ethnicity, kinship terms, or some handful other terms related to people. | ||
| + | |||
| + | There exist two grammatical genders - male and female | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Male''' | ||
| + | * These are formed through the addition of the suffix <<ᤐᤠ>> (pa) or <<ᤒᤠ>> (ba) | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤏᤠᤰ{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}|ᤏᤠᤰᤐᤠ}} [nak ("nephew")/nakpa ("nephew MASC")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤔᤣᤴᤇᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}|ᤔᤣᤴᤇᤠᤒᤠ}} [mɛncha ("grandson")/mɛnchaba ("grandson MASC")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤗᤠᤶᤛ᤹{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}|ᤗᤠᤶᤛ᤹ᤒᤠ}} [lamsa ("nephew")/lamsaba ("nephew MASC")] | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Female''' | ||
| + | * These are formed through the addition of the suffix <<ᤔᤠ>> | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤏᤠᤰ{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}|ᤏᤠᤰᤔᤠ}} [nak ("nephew")/nakma ("niece")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤔᤣᤴᤇᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}|ᤔᤣᤴᤇᤠᤔᤠ}} [mɛncha ("grandson")/mɛnchama ("granddaughter")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤗᤠᤶᤛ᤹{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}|ᤗᤠᤶᤛ᤹ᤔᤠ}} [lamsa ("nephew")/lamsama ("niece")] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Genitive case=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Regular''' | ||
| + | * The Genitive case (expressing possession) is marked in Limbu through the use of the suffix <<ᤅᤠᤱ>> (ŋaŋ) | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤏᤠᤵᤔᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|ᤏᤠᤵᤔᤡᤅᤠᤱ}} [napmi ("man")/napmiŋaŋ ("man's")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤂᤩᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|ᤂᤩᤠᤅᤠᤱ}} [khya ("dog")/khyaŋaŋ ("dog's")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤕᤰᤐᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|ᤀᤕᤰᤐᤠᤅᤠᤱ}} [ayakpa ("cat")/ayakpaŋaŋ ("cat's")] | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Irregular''' | ||
| + | * If preceded by a dental stop, the <<ᤅᤠᤱ>> changes to a <<ᤏᤠᤱ>> | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤐᤡᤋ{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|ᤐᤡᤋᤏᤠᤱ}} [pit ("cow")/pitnaŋ ("cow's")] | ||
| + | |||
| + | * If preceded by a bilabial consonant, the <<ᤅᤠᤱ>> changes to a <<ᤔᤠᤱ>> | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤡᤗᤠᤶ{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|ᤀᤡᤗᤠᤶᤔᤠᤱ}} [ilam ("path")/ilammaŋ ("path's")] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Vocative case=== | ||
| + | * The Vocative case (used to address) is marked in Limbu through the use of the suffix <<ᤣ>> (E) | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|voc}}|ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤣ}} [ama ("mother")/amaE ("O mother")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤏᤠᤵᤔᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|voc}}|ᤏᤠᤵᤔᤡᤣ}} [napmi ("man")/napmiE ("O man")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤐᤢ{{tag|n}}{{tag|voc}}|ᤐᤢᤣ}} [pu ("bird")/puE ("O bird")] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Comitative case=== | ||
| + | * The Comitative case (used to express 'with') is marked in Limbu through the use of the suffix <<ᤏᤢᤱ>> (nuŋ) | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤠᤔᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤏᤢᤱ}} [ama ("mother")/amanuŋ ("'with' mother")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤀᤠᤐᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|ᤀᤠᤐᤠᤏᤢᤱ}} [apa ("father")/apanuŋ ("'with' father")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤛᤣᤒᤠ{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|ᤛᤣᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ}} [sɛba ("friend")/sɛbanuŋ ("'with' friend")] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Ablative case=== | ||
| + | * The Ablative case (used to express 'from') is marked in Limbu through the use of the suffix <<ᤏᤢᤱ>> (nuŋ) or <<ᤗᤠᤠᤶ>> (lam) | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤏᤣᤐᤠᤸ{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|ᤏᤣᤐᤠᤸᤏᤢᤱ}} [nepal ("nepal")/nepalnuŋ ("from nepal")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤁᤠᤌᤔᤠᤴᤍᤢ{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|ᤁᤠᤌᤔᤠᤴᤍᤢᤗᤠᤠᤶ}} [kathmandu ("father")/kathmandulam ("from kathmandu")] | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|ᤐᤩᤠᤱᤛᤡ{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|ᤐᤩᤠᤱᤛᤡᤏᤢᤱ}} [pyaŋsi ("paddy field")/pyaŋsinuŋ ("from the paddy field")] | ||
[[Category:Limbu]] | [[Category:Limbu]] | ||
[[Category:sp25_GrammarDocumentation]] | [[Category:sp25_GrammarDocumentation]] | ||
Revision as of 02:52, 21 February 2025
Contents
Number in the Limbu language
Singular, Plural, Dual
The Limbu language has both a plural and a dual form, where the dual form is seen as a special case of the non-singular (plural) form.
Plurals
- Plurals are formed in this language through the addition of the suffix <<ᤄᤠ>> (gʰa)
- ᤐᤢ<n><pl> ↔ ᤐᤢᤄᤠ [pu ("bird")/pugʰa ("birds")]
- ᤋᤱ<n><pl> ↔ ᤋᤱᤄᤠ [toŋ ("arrow")/toŋgʰa ("arrows")]
- ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣ<n><pl> ↔ ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣᤄᤠ [ambɛ ("mango")/ambɛgʰa ("mangoes")]
Duals
- Duals are formed in this language through the addition of the suffix <<ᤄᤠᤇᤡ>> (gʰachi)
- ᤐᤢ<n><du> ↔ ᤐᤢᤄᤠᤇᤡ [pu ("bird")/pugʰachi ("two birds")]
- ᤋᤱ<n><du> ↔ ᤋᤱᤄᤠᤇᤡ [toŋ ("arrow")/toŋgʰachi ("two arrows")]
- ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣ<n><du> ↔ ᤀᤠᤶᤒᤣᤄᤠᤇᤡ [ambɛ ("mango")/ambɛgʰachi ("two mangoes")]
Gender
There is minimal grammatical gender in this language.
Gender is reflected in some handful of the nouns in Limbu which refer to ethnicity, kinship terms, or some handful other terms related to people.
There exist two grammatical genders - male and female
Male
- These are formed through the addition of the suffix <<ᤐᤠ>> (pa) or <<ᤒᤠ>> (ba)
- ᤏᤠᤰ<n><m> ↔ ᤏᤠᤰᤐᤠ [nak ("nephew")/nakpa ("nephew MASC")]
- ᤔᤣᤴᤇᤠ<n><m> ↔ ᤔᤣᤴᤇᤠᤒᤠ [mɛncha ("grandson")/mɛnchaba ("grandson MASC")]
- ᤗᤠᤶᤛ᤹<n><m> ↔ ᤗᤠᤶᤛ᤹ᤒᤠ [lamsa ("nephew")/lamsaba ("nephew MASC")]
Female
- These are formed through the addition of the suffix <<ᤔᤠ>>
- ᤏᤠᤰ<n><m> ↔ ᤏᤠᤰᤔᤠ [nak ("nephew")/nakma ("niece")]
- ᤔᤣᤴᤇᤠ<n><m> ↔ ᤔᤣᤴᤇᤠᤔᤠ [mɛncha ("grandson")/mɛnchama ("granddaughter")]
- ᤗᤠᤶᤛ᤹<n><m> ↔ ᤗᤠᤶᤛ᤹ᤔᤠ [lamsa ("nephew")/lamsama ("niece")]
Genitive case
Regular
- The Genitive case (expressing possession) is marked in Limbu through the use of the suffix <<ᤅᤠᤱ>> (ŋaŋ)
- ᤏᤠᤵᤔᤡ<n><gen> ↔ ᤏᤠᤵᤔᤡᤅᤠᤱ [napmi ("man")/napmiŋaŋ ("man's")]
- ᤂᤩᤠ<n><gen> ↔ ᤂᤩᤠᤅᤠᤱ [khya ("dog")/khyaŋaŋ ("dog's")]
- ᤀᤕᤰᤐᤠ<n><gen> ↔ ᤀᤕᤰᤐᤠᤅᤠᤱ [ayakpa ("cat")/ayakpaŋaŋ ("cat's")]
Irregular
- If preceded by a dental stop, the <<ᤅᤠᤱ>> changes to a <<ᤏᤠᤱ>>
- ᤐᤡᤋ<n><gen> ↔ ᤐᤡᤋᤏᤠᤱ [pit ("cow")/pitnaŋ ("cow's")]
- If preceded by a bilabial consonant, the <<ᤅᤠᤱ>> changes to a <<ᤔᤠᤱ>>
- ᤀᤡᤗᤠᤶ<n><gen> ↔ ᤀᤡᤗᤠᤶᤔᤠᤱ [ilam ("path")/ilammaŋ ("path's")]
Vocative case
- The Vocative case (used to address) is marked in Limbu through the use of the suffix <<ᤣ>> (E)
- ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><voc> ↔ ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤣ [ama ("mother")/amaE ("O mother")]
- ᤏᤠᤵᤔᤡ<n><voc> ↔ ᤏᤠᤵᤔᤡᤣ [napmi ("man")/napmiE ("O man")]
- ᤐᤢ<n><voc> ↔ ᤐᤢᤣ [pu ("bird")/puE ("O bird")]
Comitative case
- The Comitative case (used to express 'with') is marked in Limbu through the use of the suffix <<ᤏᤢᤱ>> (nuŋ)
- ᤀᤠᤔᤠ<n><com> ↔ ᤀᤠᤔᤠᤏᤢᤱ [ama ("mother")/amanuŋ ("'with' mother")]
- ᤀᤠᤐᤠ<n><com> ↔ ᤀᤠᤐᤠᤏᤢᤱ [apa ("father")/apanuŋ ("'with' father")]
- ᤛᤣᤒᤠ<n><com> ↔ ᤛᤣᤒᤠᤏᤢᤱ [sɛba ("friend")/sɛbanuŋ ("'with' friend")]
Ablative case
- The Ablative case (used to express 'from') is marked in Limbu through the use of the suffix <<ᤏᤢᤱ>> (nuŋ) or <<ᤗᤠᤠᤶ>> (lam)
- ᤏᤣᤐᤠᤸ<n><com> ↔ ᤏᤣᤐᤠᤸᤏᤢᤱ [nepal ("nepal")/nepalnuŋ ("from nepal")]
- ᤁᤠᤌᤔᤠᤴᤍᤢ<n><com> ↔ ᤁᤠᤌᤔᤠᤴᤍᤢᤗᤠᤠᤶ [kathmandu ("father")/kathmandulam ("from kathmandu")]
- ᤐᤩᤠᤱᤛᤡ<n><com> ↔ ᤐᤩᤠᤱᤛᤡᤏᤢᤱ [pyaŋsi ("paddy field")/pyaŋsinuŋ ("from the paddy field")]
