Difference between revisions of "Uyghur/Grammar"
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* {{morphTest|كۆر{{tag|v}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|كۆرىسىلەر}} | * {{morphTest|كۆر{{tag|v}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|كۆرىسىلەر}} | ||
* {{morphTest|كۆر{{tag|v}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|infml}}|كۆرىسەن}} | * {{morphTest|كۆر{{tag|v}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|infml}}|كۆرىسەن}} | ||
| − | * {{morphTest|كۆر{{tag|v}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p3 | + | * {{morphTest|كۆر{{tag|v}}{{tag|aor}}{{tag|p3}}|كۆرىدۇ}} |
====Present continuous==== | ====Present continuous==== | ||
Revision as of 16:13, 18 March 2025
Contents
Part of Speech
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Uyghur has one set for first-person and third-person. The second person pronouns comes with 3 sets that depends on the formality and politeness. The inflection of the pronouns depends on the number and cases.
- سەن<prn><pers><p2><infml><sg> ↔ سەن
- سىز<prn><pers><p2><pol><sg> ↔ سىز
- بىز<prn><pers><p3><gen><pl> ↔ بىزنىڭ
These are all examples for the pronouns for the nominative case:
| Cases | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | مەن<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> ↔ مەن | بىز<prn><pers><p1><pl><nom> ↔ بىز |
| 2nd Person (Polite) | سەن<prn><pers><p2><pol><sg><nom> ↔ سەن | سىلەر<prn><pers><p2><pol><pl><nom> ↔ سىلەر |
| 2nd Person (Informal) | سىز<prn><pers><p2><infml><sg><nom> ↔ سىز | - |
| 2nd Person (Formal) | سىلى<prn><pers><p2><frm><sg><nom> ↔ سىلى | - |
| 3rd Person | ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom> ↔ ئۇ | ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><pl><nom> ↔ ئۇلار |
Demonstrative Pronouns
Uyghur has several demonstrative pronouns that could be use as an emphasis or an intensifiers. The common usage is to refers to the distance from the speaker or the person/thing that is referred to. Demonstrative pronouns' inflection depends on the number and cases.
- مەشە<prn><dem><sg> ↔ مەشە
- ئاۋۇ<prn><dem><sg> ↔ ئاۋۇ
- بۇ<prn><dem><sg> ↔ بۇ
Nouns
Uyghur nouns has ten cases which, except for the nominative case, all have suffixation after the possessive or plural suffixes.
| Case | Suffix | kün "day" | hawa "air" | chëlek "bucket" | kitab "book" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -∅ | كۈن<n><nom> ↔ كۈن | ھاۋ<n><nom> ↔ ھاۋ | چېلەك<n><nom> ↔ چېلەك | كىتاب<n><nom> ↔ كىتاب |
| genitive | -ning | كۈن<n><gen> ↔ كۈننىڭ | ھاۋ<n><gen> ↔ ھاۋىنىڭ | چېلەك<n><gen> ↔ چېلەكنىڭ | كىتاب<n><gen> ↔ كىتابنىڭ |
| dative | -GA | كۈن<n><dat> ↔ كۈنگە | ھاۋ<n><dat> ↔ ھاۋىغا | چېلەك<n><dat> ↔ چېلەككە | كىتاب<n><dat> ↔ كىتابقا |
| accusative | -ni | كۈن<n><acc> ↔ كۈننى | ھاۋ<n><acc> ↔ ھاۋىنى | چېلەك<n><acc> ↔ چېلەكنى | كىتاب<n><acc> ↔ كىتابنى |
| locative | -DA | كۈن<n><loc> ↔ كۈندە | ھاۋ<n><loc> ↔ ھاۋىد | چېلەك<n><loc> ↔ چېلەكتە | كىتاب<n><loc> ↔ كىتابتا |
| ablative | -Din | كۈن<n><abl> ↔ كۈندىن | ھاۋ<n><abl> ↔ ھاۋىدىن | چېلەك<n><abl> ↔ چېلەكتىن | كىتاب<n><abl> ↔ كىتابتىن |
| locative-
qualitative |
-Diki | كۈن<n><loc><attr> ↔ كۈندىكى | ھاۋ<n><abl> ↔ ھاۋىدىكى | چېلەك<n><abl> ↔ چېلەكتىكى | كىتاب<n><abl> ↔ كىتابتىكى |
| limitative | غىچە | كۈن<n><lim> ↔ كۈنگىچە | ھاۋ<n><lim> ↔ ھاۋىغىچە | چېلەك<n><lim> ↔ چېلەككىچە | كىتاب<n><lim> ↔ كىتابقىچە |
| similitude | دەك | كۈن<n><sim> ↔ كۈندەك | ھاۋ<n><sim> ↔ ھاۋىدەك | چېلەك<n><sim> ↔ چېلەكتەك | كىتاب<n><sim> ↔ كىتابتەك |
| equivalence | -che/chilik | كۈن<n><equ> ↔ كۈنچىلىك | ھاۋ<n><equ> ↔ ھاۋىچىلىك | چېلەك<n><equ> ↔ چېلەكچىلىك | كىتاب<n><equ> ↔ كىتابچىلىك |
Possessive Suffixes
Uyghur has possessive suffixes that indicate person. Similarly, the first and third person pronouns has one set each, while the second person has three sets that depends on context.
- ئۆي<n><p2><pos><sg> ↔ ئۆيىڭىز
- ئۆي<n><p2><pos><pl> ↔ ئۆيلىرىڭىز
Plurals
Most Uyghur nouns can be pluralized by adding the suffix لار to the end of the word
- ئۆي<n><pl><nom> ↔ ئۆيلار
- سۆز<n><pl><nom> ↔ سۆزلار
- كۆز<n><pl><nom> ↔ كۆزلار
- باغ<n><pl><nom> ↔ باغلار
Adjective
Degree
There are multiple degrees that could be altered depending on the adjective.
- NOTE: Could not find the tag for each of the degrees.
| Name | Affix | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive degree | none | كىچىك<adj> ↔ كىچىك (small) |
| Decreasing degree | -rAK | كىچىك<adj><comp> ↔ كىچىكرەك (a bit small) |
| Emphatic degree | first syllable+p- | كىچىك<adj><emp> ↔ كىپكىچىك (extremely small) |
| Endearing degree | -GinA | كىچىك<adj><endr> ↔ كىچىككىنە (delightfully small) |
Reduplication
Reduplication is used to a large number of objects of the same type, or that the adjective refers to actions that has a certain quality described by the adjective and it is repeated many times.
- NOTE: <p> is not present in the apertium's list of symbols
- يېڭى<adj><p><adj> ↔ يېڭى-يېڭى
- يورۇق<adj><p><adj> ↔ يورۇق-يورۇق
Nominalization
Sometimes, the adjective could turns into nouns without any alteration.
- سوغۇق <adj><subt><sg> ↔ سوغۇق
Verbs
Future-Present Tense
This is the tense used to express simple actions taken in the present or future.
- كۆر<v><aor><p1><sg> ↔ كۆرىمەن
- كۆر<v><aor><p1><pl> ↔ كۆرىمىز
- كۆر<v><aor><p2><pol> ↔ كۆرىسىز
- كۆر<v><aor><p2><pl> ↔ كۆرىسىلەر
- كۆر<v><aor><p2><infml> ↔ كۆرىسەن
- كۆر<v><aor><p3> ↔ كۆرىدۇ
Present continuous
The present continuous tense expresses actions that are currently ongoing.
- ئىشلە<v><fut><pres><p3> ↔ ئىشلەۋاتىدۇ
