Difference between revisions of "Shanghainese and Mandarin Chinese/Contrastive Grammar"

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(→‎Demonstrative Elision)
(→‎Differences between Shanghainese and Mandarin Chinese)
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Shanghainese places the direct object before the indirect object while Mandarin places the indirect object before the direct object.
 
Shanghainese places the direct object before the indirect object while Mandarin places the indirect object before the direct object.
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|拔一把刀其。|给他一把刀。}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|拔一把刀其。|给他一把刀。}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|拔{{tag|vblex}} 一{{tag|num}} 把{{tag|cls}} 刀{{tag|n}} 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|给{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 一{{tag|num}} 把{{tag|num}} 刀{{tag|n}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho|拔{{tag|vblex}} 一{{tag|num}} 把{{tag|cls}} 刀{{tag|n}} 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|给{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 一{{tag|num}} 把{{tag|num}} 刀{{tag|n}} }}
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|拔粥吾拉吃。|给我们粥吃。}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|拔粥吾拉吃。|给我们粥吃。}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|拔{{tag|vblex}} 粥{{tag|n}} 吾拉{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} 吃{{tag|vblex}}|给{{tag|vblex}} 我们{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} 粥{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho|拔{{tag|vblex}} 粥{{tag|n}} 吾拉{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} 吃{{tag|vblex}}|给{{tag|vblex}} 我们{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} 粥{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} }}
  
 
===Verb Object Inversion===
 
===Verb Object Inversion===
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Shanghainese prefers to put the object before the verb in questions, while Mandarin prefers to keep the object after the verb.
 
Shanghainese prefers to put the object before the verb in questions, while Mandarin prefers to keep the object after the verb.
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|侬饭吃了伐？|你吃饭了吗？}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|侬饭吃了伐？|你吃饭了吗？}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 侬{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 饭{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} 伐{{tag|qst}} | 你{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 饭{{tag|n}} 了{{tag|part}} 吗{{tag|qst}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 侬{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 饭{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} 伐{{tag|qst}} | 你{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 饭{{tag|n}} 了{{tag|part}} 吗{{tag|qst}} }}
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|侬英文讲得来伐？|你会说英语吗？}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|侬英文讲得来伐？|你会说英语吗？}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 侬{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 英文{{tag|n}} 讲{{tag|vblex}} 得{{tag|part}} 来{{tag|vaux}} 伐{{tag|qst}} | 你{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 会{{tag|vaux}} 说{{tag|vblex}} 英语{{tag|n}} 吗{{tag|qst}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 侬{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 英文{{tag|n}} 讲{{tag|vblex}} 得{{tag|part}} 来{{tag|vaux}} 伐{{tag|qst}} | 你{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} 会{{tag|vaux}} 说{{tag|vblex}} 英语{{tag|n}} 吗{{tag|qst}} }}
  
 
===Demonstrative Elision===
 
===Demonstrative Elision===
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Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped.
 
Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped.
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|(搿)只鸡一眼也不好吃。|这只鸡一点也不好吃。}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|(搿)只鸡一眼也不好吃。|这只鸡一点也不好吃。}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 搿{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一眼{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} | 这{{tag|prn}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一点{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 搿{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一眼{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} | 这{{tag|prn}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一点{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} }}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一眼{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} | 这{{tag|prn}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一点{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一眼{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} | 这{{tag|prn}} 只{{tag|cls}} 鸡{{tag|n}} 一点{{tag|adj}} 也{{tag|adv}} 不{{tag|adv}} 好吃{{tag|adj}} }}
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|其拿(伊)本书落脱了。|他把那本书弄丟了。}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|其拿(伊)本书落脱了。|他把那本书弄丟了。}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} 拿{{tag|part}} 伊{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 落脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 把{{tag|part}} 那{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 弄丟{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} 拿{{tag|part}} 伊{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 落脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 把{{tag|part}} 那{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 弄丟{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} 拿{{tag|part}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 落脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 把{{tag|part}} 那{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 弄丟{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 其{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} 拿{{tag|part}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 落脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 他{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|m}} 把{{tag|part}} 那{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 本{{tag|cls}} 书{{tag|n}} 弄丟{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
  
 
===Adjective Intensity===
 
===Adjective Intensity===
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Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped.
 
Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped.
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|今朝穿了搿件红兮兮个衬衫，我跑得出去伐？|今天穿了这件有点儿红的衬衫，我能走出去吗？}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|今朝穿了搿件红兮兮个衬衫，我跑得出去伐？|今天穿了这件有点儿红的衬衫，我能走出去吗？}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| [...] 红{{tag|adj}} 兮兮{{tag|adv}} [...] | [...] 有点儿{{tag|adv}} 红{{tag|adj}} [...] }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| [...] 红{{tag|adj}} 兮兮{{tag|adv}} [...] | [...] 有点儿{{tag|adv}} 红{{tag|adj}} [...] }}
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|头还痒兮兮伐？|头还有点痒吧？}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|头还痒兮兮伐？|头还有点痒吧？}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 头{{tag|n}} 还{{tag|adv}} 痒{{tag|adj}} 兮兮{{tag|adv}} 伐{{tag|part}} | 头{{tag|n}} 还{{tag|adv}} 有点{{tag|adv}} 痒{{tag|adj}} 吧{{tag|part}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 头{{tag|n}} 还{{tag|adv}} 痒{{tag|adj}} 兮兮{{tag|adv}} 伐{{tag|part}} | 头{{tag|n}} 还{{tag|adv}} 有点{{tag|adv}} 痒{{tag|adj}} 吧{{tag|part}} }}
  
 
===Passive Voice===
 
===Passive Voice===
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Passive voice in Shanghainese may be indistinguishable from active voice.
 
Passive voice in Shanghainese may be indistinguishable from active voice.
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|鸡吃过了。|鸡吃过了。}} (active)
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|鸡吃过了。|鸡吃过了。}} (active)
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|鸡吃过了。|鸡被吃过了。}} (passive)
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|鸡吃过了。|鸡被吃过了。}} (passive)
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 鸡{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 鸡{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 鸡{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
  
 
Sometimes it's obvious whether the sentence is active or passive based on the object.
 
Sometimes it's obvious whether the sentence is active or passive based on the object.
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|吾吃过了。|我吃过了。}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|吾吃过了。|我吃过了。}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 吾{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 吾{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 我{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|苹果吃过了。|苹果被吃过了。}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|苹果吃过了。|苹果被吃过了。}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 苹果{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 苹果{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 苹果{{tag|n}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} | 苹果{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 吃{{tag|vblex}} 过{{tag|part}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
  
 
Generally, Shanghainese does not use a particle, unlike Mandarin, for passive voice.
 
Generally, Shanghainese does not use a particle, unlike Mandarin, for passive voice.
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|搿两只桔子拔吾吃脱了。|这两个桔子被我吃掉了。}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|搿两只桔子拔吾吃脱了。|这两个桔子被我吃掉了。}}
−
*: {{transferMorphTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>| 搿{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 两{{tag|num}} 只{{tag|cls}} 桔子{{tag|n}} 拔{{tag|part}} 吾{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 这{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 两{{tag|num}} 个{{tag|cls}} 桔子{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 我{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃掉{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|wuu|zho| 搿{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 两{{tag|num}} 只{{tag|cls}} 桔子{{tag|n}} 拔{{tag|part}} 吾{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃脱{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} | 这{{tag|prn}}{{tag|dem}} 两{{tag|num}} 个{{tag|cls}} 桔子{{tag|n}} 被{{tag|part}} 我{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} 吃掉{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|part}} }}
  
−
* {{transferTest|<code>wuu</code>|<code>zho</code>|*鸡拔吃过了。|鸡被吃过了。}}
+
* {{transferTest|wuu|zho|*鸡拔吃过了。|鸡被吃过了。}}
  
 
[[Category:Shanghainese]]
 
[[Category:Shanghainese]]
 
[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]
 
[[Category:Sp25_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Revision as of 15:32, 17 April 2025

Differences between Shanghainese and Mandarin Chinese

Direct/Indirect Object Ordering

Shanghainese places the direct object before the indirect object while Mandarin places the indirect object before the direct object.

  • (wuu) 拔一把刀其。 → (zho) 给他一把刀。
    (wuu) 拔<vblex> 一<num> 把<cls> 刀<n> 其<prn><pers><p3><sg> → (zho) 给<vblex> 他<prn><pers><p3><sg><m> 一<num> 把<num> 刀<n>
  • (wuu) 拔粥吾拉吃。 → (zho) 给我们粥吃。
    (wuu) 拔<vblex> 粥<n> 吾拉<prn><pers><p1><pl> 吃<vblex> → (zho) 给<vblex> 我们<prn><pers><p1><pl> 粥<n> 吃<vblex>

Verb Object Inversion

Shanghainese prefers to put the object before the verb in questions, while Mandarin prefers to keep the object after the verb.

  • (wuu) 侬饭吃了伐？ → (zho) 你吃饭了吗？
    (wuu) 侬<prn><pers><p2><sg> 饭<n> 吃<vblex> 了<part> 伐<qst> → (zho) 你<prn><pers><p2><sg> 吃<vblex> 饭<n> 了<part> 吗<qst>
  • (wuu) 侬英文讲得来伐？ → (zho) 你会说英语吗？
    (wuu) 侬<prn><pers><p2><sg> 英文<n> 讲<vblex> 得<part> 来<vaux> 伐<qst> → (zho) 你<prn><pers><p2><sg> 会<vaux> 说<vblex> 英语<n> 吗<qst>

Demonstrative Elision

Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped.

  • (wuu) (搿)只鸡一眼也不好吃。 → (zho) 这只鸡一点也不好吃。
    (wuu) 搿<prn><dem> 只<cls> 鸡<n> 一眼<adj> 也<adv> 不<adv> 好吃<adj> → (zho) 这<prn> 只<cls> 鸡<n> 一点<adj> 也<adv> 不<adv> 好吃<adj>
    (wuu) 只<cls> 鸡<n> 一眼<adj> 也<adv> 不<adv> 好吃<adj> → (zho) 这<prn> 只<cls> 鸡<n> 一点<adj> 也<adv> 不<adv> 好吃<adj>
  • (wuu) 其拿(伊)本书落脱了。 → (zho) 他把那本书弄丟了。
    (wuu) 其<prn><pers><p3><sg> 拿<part> 伊<prn><dem> 本<cls> 书<n> 落脱<vblex> 了<part> → (zho) 他<prn><pers><p3><sg><m> 把<part> 那<prn><dem> 本<cls> 书<n> 弄丟<vblex> 了<part>
    (wuu) 其<prn><pers><p3><sg> 拿<part> 本<cls> 书<n> 落脱<vblex> 了<part> → (zho) 他<prn><pers><p3><sg><m> 把<part> 那<prn><dem> 本<cls> 书<n> 弄丟<vblex> 了<part>

Adjective Intensity

Demonstratives in Shanghainese may be dropped.

  • (wuu) 今朝穿了搿件红兮兮个衬衫，我跑得出去伐？ → (zho) 今天穿了这件有点儿红的衬衫，我能走出去吗？
    (wuu) [...] 红<adj> 兮兮<adv> [...] → (zho) [...] 有点儿<adv> 红<adj> [...]
  • (wuu) 头还痒兮兮伐？ → (zho) 头还有点痒吧？
    (wuu) 头<n> 还<adv> 痒<adj> 兮兮<adv> 伐<part> → (zho) 头<n> 还<adv> 有点<adv> 痒<adj> 吧<part>

Passive Voice

Passive voice in Shanghainese may be indistinguishable from active voice.

  • (wuu) 鸡吃过了。 → (zho) 鸡吃过了。 (active)
    (wuu) 鸡<n> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part> → (zho) 鸡<n> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part>
  • (wuu) 鸡吃过了。 → (zho) 鸡被吃过了。 (passive)
    (wuu) 鸡<n> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part> → (zho) 鸡<n> 被<part> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part>

Sometimes it's obvious whether the sentence is active or passive based on the object.

  • (wuu) 吾吃过了。 → (zho) 我吃过了。
    (wuu) 吾<prn><pers><p1><sg> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part> → (zho) 我<prn><pers><p1><sg> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part>
  • (wuu) 苹果吃过了。 → (zho) 苹果被吃过了。
    (wuu) 苹果<n> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part> → (zho) 苹果<n> 被<part> 吃<vblex> 过<part> 了<part>

Generally, Shanghainese does not use a particle, unlike Mandarin, for passive voice.

  • (wuu) 搿两只桔子拔吾吃脱了。 → (zho) 这两个桔子被我吃掉了。
    (wuu) 搿<prn><dem> 两<num> 只<cls> 桔子<n> 拔<part> 吾<prn><pers><p1><sg> 吃脱<vblex> 了<part> → (zho) 这<prn><dem> 两<num> 个<cls> 桔子<n> 被<part> 我<prn><pers><p1><sg> 吃掉<vblex> 了<part>
  • (wuu) *鸡拔吃过了。 → (zho) 鸡被吃过了。
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