Difference between revisions of "Mandinka/Grammar"
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For transitive verbs without an object, gerunds take on "roo" at the end of the verb. | For transitive verbs without an object, gerunds take on "roo" at the end of the verb. | ||
| − | * {{morphTest|domo{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|domoroo}}, to eat, eating | + | * {{morphTest|domo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|domoroo}}, to eat, eating |
| − | * {{morphTest|loo{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|looroo}}, to build, building | + | * {{morphTest|loo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|looroo}}, to build, building |
| − | * {{morphTest|saŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|sandiroo}}, to buy, buying | + | * {{morphTest|saŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|sandiroo}}, to buy, buying |
| − | * {{morphTest|waafi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|waafiroo}}, to sell, selling | + | * {{morphTest|waafi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|waafiroo}}, to sell, selling |
| − | * {{morphTest|suuñaa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|suuñaaroo}}, to steal, stealing | + | * {{morphTest|suuñaa{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|suuñaaroo}}, to steal, stealing |
| − | * {{morphTest|kantandi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|kantandiroo}}, to wait, waiting | + | * {{morphTest|kantandi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}|kantandiroo}}, to wait, waiting |
For transitive verbs with an object, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb. | For transitive verbs with an object, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb. | ||
| − | * {{morphTest|domo{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|domoo}}, to eat, eating | + | * {{morphTest|domo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|domoo}}, to eat, eating |
| − | * {{morphTest|loo{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|loo}}, to build, building | + | * {{morphTest|loo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|loo}}, to build, building |
| − | * {{morphTest|saŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|saŋo}}, to buy, buying | + | * {{morphTest|saŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|saŋo}}, to buy, buying |
| − | * {{morphTest|waafi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|waafoo}}, to sell, selling | + | * {{morphTest|waafi{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|waafoo}}, to sell, selling |
| − | * {{morphTest|miŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|miŋo}}, to drink, drinking | + | * {{morphTest|miŋ{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ger}}{{tag|obj}}|miŋo}}, to drink, drinking |
For intransitive verbs, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb as well. | For intransitive verbs, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb as well. | ||
| − | * {{morphTest|díyaamu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|diyaamoo}}, speak/speaking | + | * {{morphTest|díyaamu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|diyaamoo}}, speak/speaking |
| − | * {{morphTest|taama{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|taamoo}}, to walk/walking | + | * {{morphTest|taama{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|taamoo}}, to walk/walking |
| − | * {{morphTest|kuu{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|kuuwoo}}, to bathe/bathing | + | * {{morphTest|kuu{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|kuuwoo}}, to bathe/bathing |
| − | * {{morphTest|siinoo{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|siinoo}}, to sleep/sleeping | + | * {{morphTest|siinoo{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|siinoo}}, to sleep/sleeping |
| − | * {{morphTest|bori{{tag|v}}{{tag|ger}}|boroo}}, to run/running | + | * {{morphTest|bori{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ger}}|boroo}}, to run/running |
{{comment|Since there's a transitivity contrast mentioned here, it would make sense to categorise verbs this way with tags (which is standard practice anyway). You can put an iv or tv tag as appropriate immediately after the v tag. Make sure to do this consistently for all verb examples on this page. -JNW}} | {{comment|Since there's a transitivity contrast mentioned here, it would make sense to categorise verbs this way with tags (which is standard practice anyway). You can put an iv or tv tag as appropriate immediately after the v tag. Make sure to do this consistently for all verb examples on this page. -JNW}} | ||
Revision as of 04:40, 24 February 2026
Contents
Auxiliaries
Verbs
Gerunds
For transitive verbs without an object, gerunds take on "roo" at the end of the verb.
- domo<v><tv><ger> ↔ domoroo, to eat, eating
- loo<v><tv><ger> ↔ looroo, to build, building
- saŋ<v><tv><ger> ↔ sandiroo, to buy, buying
- waafi<v><tv><ger> ↔ waafiroo, to sell, selling
- suuñaa<v><tv><ger> ↔ suuñaaroo, to steal, stealing
- kantandi<v><tv><ger> ↔ kantandiroo, to wait, waiting
For transitive verbs with an object, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb.
- domo<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ domoo, to eat, eating
- loo<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ loo, to build, building
- saŋ<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ saŋo, to buy, buying
- waafi<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ waafoo, to sell, selling
- miŋ<v><tv><ger><obj> ↔ miŋo, to drink, drinking
For intransitive verbs, gerunds take on "o" at the end of the verb as well.
- díyaamu<v><iv><ger> ↔ diyaamoo, speak/speaking
- taama<v><iv><ger> ↔ taamoo, to walk/walking
- kuu<v><iv><ger> ↔ kuuwoo, to bathe/bathing
- siinoo<v><iv><ger> ↔ siinoo, to sleep/sleeping
- bori<v><iv><ger> ↔ boroo, to run/running
Since there's a transitivity contrast mentioned here, it would make sense to categorise verbs this way with tags (which is standard practice anyway). You can put an iv or tv tag as appropriate immediately after the v tag. Make sure to do this consistently for all verb examples on this page. -JNW
Progressives
- díyaamu<v><prog> ↔ díyaamu kaŋ, speak/speaking
- taama<v><prog> ↔ taama kaŋ, to walk/walking
- kuu<v><prog> ↔ kuu kaŋ, to bathe/bathing
- siinoo<v><prog> ↔ siinoo kaŋ, to sleep/sleeping
- bori<v><prog> ↔ bori kaŋ, to run/running
- tiiñaa<v><prog> ↔ tiiñaa kaŋ, to destroy/destroying
- kanju<v><prog> ↔ kanju kaŋ, to defend/defending
- kantandi<v><ger> ↔ kantandi kaŋ, to wait, waiting
kaŋ seems like an auxiliary of some sort; if so, I would make it a separate token (with its own morphTest), perhaps with a vaux tag. -JNW
Adverbs
In Mandinka, adverbs are classified as either general or specific. Specific adverbs are applicable only to specific verbs, whereas general adverbs apply to a number of verbs. For general verbs, the typical format is to add "ke" to the end of the verb.
- tariyaa<adj><adv> ↔ tariyaake, quick/quickly
- kende<adj><adv> ↔ kendeke, very well
- bete<adj><adv> ↔ beteke, very well
- jawu<adj><adv> ↔ jawuke, severely
- banban<adj><adv> ↔ banbanke, tightly
Nouns
Plurals
Nouns in Mandinka take "lu" at the end to form plurals.
- woo<det><dem><pl> ↔ woolu , that/those
- kalaa<n><pl> ↔ kalaalu, a pen, pens
- motoo<n><pl> ↔ motoolu, a vehicle, vehicles
- suloo<n><pl> ↔ suloolu, a monkey, monkeys
- musoo<n><pl> ↔ musoloo, a woman, women
Agent Suffix
Adds -láa to the end
- bònó<v><agent> ↔ bònóláa, lose/loser
- baara<v><agent> ↔ baaraláa, work/worker
