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| | Over the course of this project, I learned about the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is a system of phonetic characters based on the Latin alphabet.<ref name="IPA wikipedia" /> I laid out some of these symbols on the keyboard so that users can type in Tibetan text based on how it sounds. The file for this transcription keyboard is in the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-tib-keyboard Github repository] I created for this project. I found the data for this keyboard on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Tibetan&action=edit§ion=9 Tibetan language Wikipedia page]. | | Over the course of this project, I learned about the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is a system of phonetic characters based on the Latin alphabet.<ref name="IPA wikipedia" /> I laid out some of these symbols on the keyboard so that users can type in Tibetan text based on how it sounds. The file for this transcription keyboard is in the [https://github.swarthmore.edu/arobey1/ling073-tib-keyboard Github repository] I created for this project. I found the data for this keyboard on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Tibetan&action=edit§ion=9 Tibetan language Wikipedia page]. |
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| − | ===Consonants===
| + | [[File:Standard_Tibetan_Consonants_IPA.png] |
| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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| − | |-
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| − | ! colspan=3|
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| − | ! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
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| − | ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
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| − | ! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
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| − | ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
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| − | ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
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| − | ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
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| − | |-
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| − | ! colspan=3| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
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| − | | {{IPA|m}}
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| − | | {{IPA|n}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|ɲ}}
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| − | | {{IPA|ŋ}}
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| − | |
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| − | |-
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| − | ! rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
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| − | ! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
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| − | | {{IPA|pʰ}}
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| − | | {{IPA|tʰ}}
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| − | | {{IPA|ʈʰ}} ~ {{IPA|ʈʂʰ}}
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| − | | {{IPA|cʰ}}
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| − | | {{IPA|kʰ}}
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| − | |
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| − | |-
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| − | ! {{small|unaspirated}}
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| − | | {{IPA|p}}
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| − | | {{IPA|t}}
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| − | | {{IPA|ʈ}} ~ {{IPA|ʈʂ}}
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| − | | {{IPA|c}}
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| − | | {{IPA|k}}
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| − | | {{IPA|ʔ}}
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| − | |-
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| − | ! rowspan=2 colspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
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| − | ! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|tsʰ}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | |-
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| − | ! {{small|unaspirated}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|ts}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|tɕ}}
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | |-
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| − | ! colspan=3| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|s}}
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| − | | {{IPA|ʂ}}
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| − | | {{IPA|ɕ}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|h}}
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| − | |-
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| − | ! rowspan=3| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
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| − | ! {{small|[[central consonant|central]]}}
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| − | ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|ɹ}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|j}}
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| − | | {{IPA|w}}
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| − | |
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| − | |-
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| − | ! rowspan=2| {{small|[[lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
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| − | ! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|l̥}}
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | |-
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| − | ! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
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| − | |
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| − | | {{IPA|l}}
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | |
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| − | |}
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| − | | |
| − | The unaspirated stops {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/c/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}} typically become voiced in the low tone and are pronounced {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[d]}}, {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, and {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, respectively. The sounds are regarded as allophones. Similarly, the aspirated stops {{IPA|[pʰ]}}, {{IPA|[tʰ]}}, {{IPA|[cʰ]}}, and {{IPA|[kʰ]}} are typically lightly aspirated in the low tone. The dialect of the upper social strata in Lhasa does not use voiced stops in the low tone.
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| − | # The [[alveolar trill]] ({{IPA|[r]}}) is in complementary distribution of the [[alveolar approximant]] {{IPA|[ɹ]}}; therefore, both are treated as one phoneme.
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| − | # The voiceless [[alveolar lateral approximant]] {{IPA|[l̥]}} resembles the [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] {{IPA|[ɬ]}} found in languages such as [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]] and is sometimes transcribed {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɬ}}}}.
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| − | # The consonants {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}} may appear in syllable-final positions. The Classical Tibetan final {{IPA|/n/}} is still present, but its modern pronunciation is normally realized as a nasalisation of the preceding vowel, rather than as a discrete consonant (see above). However, {{IPA|/k/}} is not pronounced in the final position of a word except in very formal speech. Also, syllable-final {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} are often not clearly pronounced but realized as a lengthening of the preceding vowel. The phonemic [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} appears only at the end of words in the place of {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, or {{IPA|/k/}}, which were pronounced in Classical Tibetan but have since been elided. For instance, the word for [[Tibet]] itself was ''Bod'' in Classical Tibetan but is now pronounced {{IPA|[pʰø̀ʔ]}} in the Lhasa dialect.
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| | =References= | | =References= |
On this page, I document the steps I took to develop a Tibetan transcription keyboard. There git repository for this project. More information about the Tibetan language, translations and texts and the tools I have developed in the class can be found on the LING073 Tibetan Language page.
Over the course of this project, I learned about the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is a system of phonetic characters based on the Latin alphabet.[1] I laid out some of these symbols on the keyboard so that users can type in Tibetan text based on how it sounds. The file for this transcription keyboard is in the Github repository I created for this project. I found the data for this keyboard on the Tibetan language Wikipedia page.
