Difference between revisions of "Eastern Burushaski/Language"
From LING073
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| {{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px3sgm}}|mušak}} | | {{morphTest|šak{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px3sgm}}|mušak}} | ||
| {{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px3sgm}}|moċo}} | | {{morphTest|ċo{{tag|n}}{{tag|typ1}}{{tag|px3sgm}}|moċo}} | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Numerals === | ||
| + | Numerals are inflected for noun class (human, X, Y). For 1-3, there is a distinction between all three, but for 4-10, human and X class numerals are homophonous. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {|class="wikitable sortable" | ||
| + | !Numerals !! Human (M&F) !! X !! Y | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 1 | ||
| + | | {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|hin}} || {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|han}} || {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|hik}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| + | ! 2 | ||
| + | | {{morphTest|alt̯an{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|alt̯an}} || {{morphTest|alt̯an{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|alt̯a}} || {{morphTest|alt̯an{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|alt̯o}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 3 | ||
| + | | {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|mf}}|isken}} || {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|clx}}|usko}} || {{morphTest|isken{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|iski}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 4 | ||
| + | | colspan="2"|{{morphTest|walt̯o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|walt̯o}} || {{morphTest|hin{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|walt̯i}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 5 | ||
| + | | colspan="2"|{{morphTest|cʰund̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|cʰund̪o}} || {{morphTest|cʰund̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|cʰind̪i}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 6 | ||
| + | | colspan="2"|{{morphTest|mišind̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|mišind̪o}} || {{morphTest|mišind̪o{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|mišind̪i}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 7 | ||
| + | | colspan="2"|{{morphTest|t̯ʰalo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|t̯ʰalo}} || {{morphTest|t̯ʰalo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|t̯ʰale}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 8 | ||
| + | | colspan="2"|{{morphTest|alt̯ambo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|alt̯ambo}} || {{morphTest|alt̯ambo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|alt̯ambi}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 9 | ||
| + | | colspan="2"|{{morphTest|hunčo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|hunčo}} || {{morphTest|hunčo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|hunti}} | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! 10 | ||
| + | | colspan="2"|{{morphTest|t̯oorumo{{tag|num}}{{tag|mfclx}}|t̯oorumo}} || {{morphTest|t̯oorumo{{tag|num}}{{tag|cly}}|t̯oorimi}} | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | (talk about above 10) | ||
| + | |||
[[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]] [[Category:Grammar_documentation]] | [[Category:Eastern_Burushaski]] [[Category:Grammar_documentation]] | ||
Revision as of 02:12, 13 February 2019
Contents
Detail 1
cat<n><sg> ↔ cats
Demonstrative Pronouns
| Demonstrative pronoun | human (m or f) | non-human concrete | non-human abstract/amorphous |
|---|---|---|---|
| this | kʰine<prn><dem><prx><sg><mf> ↔ kʰine | guse<prn><dem><sg><clx> ↔ guse | gut̯e <prn><dem><sg><cly> ↔ gut̯e |
| that | ine<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf> ↔ ine | ise<prn><dem><dst><sg><clx> ↔ ise | it̯e<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly> ↔ it̯e |
| these | kʰuwe <prn><dem><prx><pl><mf> ↔ kʰuwe | guce<prn><dem><prx><pl><clx> ↔ guce | guke <prn><dem><prx><pl><cly> ↔ guke |
| those | uwe <prn><dem><dst><pl><mf> ↔ uwe | ice<prn><dem><dst><pl><clx> ↔ ice | ike<prn><dem><dst><pl><cly> ↔ ike |
note: <mf> is used for the class of nouns that are human, and can be either male or female, while <clx> is used for non-human concrete and <cly> is used for the non-human abstract/amorphous noun class.
"To be" copula forms
| Present Tense | Past Tense | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
| Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative |
| b<cop><pres><p1><sg> ↔ baa | ap<cop><pres><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apaa | b<cop><pres><p1><pl> ↔ baan | ap<cop><pres><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apaan | b<cop><past><p1><sg> ↔ bayam | ap<cop><past><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apayam | b<cop><past><p1><pl> ↔ bam | ap<cop><past><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apam |
| b<cop><pres><p2><sg> ↔ baa | ap<cop><pres><p2><sg><neg> ↔ apaa | b<cop><pres><p2><pl> ↔ baan | ap<cop><pres><p2><pl><neg> ↔ apaan | b<cop><past><p2><sg> ↔ bam | ap<cop><past><p2><sg><neg> ↔ apam | b<cop><past><p2><pl> ↔ bam | ap<cop><past><p2><pl><neg> ↔ apam |
| b<cop><pres><p3><sg><m> ↔ bai | ap<cop><pres><p3><sg><m><neg> ↔ apai | b<cop><pres><p3><pl><m> ↔ baan | ap<cop><pres><p3><pl><m><neg> ↔ apaan | b<cop><past><p3><sg><m> ↔ bam | ap<cop><past><p1><sg><m><neg> ↔ apam | b<cop><past><p1><pl><m> ↔ bam | ap<cop><past><p3><pl><m><neg> ↔ apam |
| b<cop><pres><p1><sg> ↔ baa | ap<cop><pres><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apaa | b<cop><pres><p1><pl> ↔ baan | ap<cop><pres><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apaan | b<cop><past><p1><sg> ↔ bayam | ap<cop><past><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apayam | b<cop><past><p1><pl> ↔ bam | ap<cop><past><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apam |
| b<cop><pres><p1><sg> ↔ baa | ap<cop><pres><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apaa | b<cop><pres><p1><pl> ↔ baan | ap<cop><pres><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apaan | b<cop><past><p1><sg> ↔ bayam | ap<cop><past><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apayam | b<cop><past><p1><pl> ↔ bam | ap<cop><past><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apam |
| b<cop><pres><p1><sg> ↔ baa | ap<cop><pres><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apaa | b<cop><pres><p1><pl> ↔ baan | ap<cop><pres><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apaan | b<cop><past><p1><sg> ↔ bayam | ap<cop><past><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apayam | b<cop><past><p1><pl> ↔ bam | ap<cop><past><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apam |
Write summary of formation rules
Obligatory possession
Some nouns in Burushaski always appear with possessive markers. Yoshioka (36) cites Berger (1998a: 44), who says that there are about "150 substantives" in this class. (Yoshioka goes on to give examples that include nouns and prepositions, and it is not clear whether they count as "substantives.") Paradigms of possessed nouns are drawn from Munshi (in progress), because Yoshioka doesn't cite full forms.
Words fall into (at least) two paradigms of prefixes, apparently without semantic or phonological rationale. Yoshioka also identifies a third type of possessed nouns, which they claim only includes 5 nouns, whose prefixes they list are mostly long-vowel versions of the Type-II prefixes. Yoshioka also lists possessive endings for X and Y class words, which Munshi does not cite forms for.
| Pronominal prefixes of inherently possessed nouns | Type-I (e.g. -šak 'arm') | Type-II (e.g. -ċo 'same-gender sibling') | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG | PL | SG | PL | |
| 1st | šak<n><typ1><px1sg> ↔ ašak | šak<n><typ1><px1pl> ↔ mišak | ċo<n><typ1><px1sg> ↔ aċo | ċo<n><typ1><px1pl> ↔ meċo |
| 2nd | šak<n><typ1><px2sg> ↔ gušak | šak<n><typ1><px2pl> ↔ mašak | ċo<n><typ1><px2sg> ↔ goċo | ċo<n><typ1><px2pl> ↔ maċo |
| 3rd (male) | šak<n><typ1><px3sgm> ↔ išak | šak<n><typ1><px3pl> ↔ ušak | ċo<n><typ1><px3sgm> ↔ eċo | xakin<n><typ1><px3pl> ↔ oċo |
| 3rd (female) | šak<n><typ1><px3sgm> ↔ mušak | ċo<n><typ1><px3sgm> ↔ moċo | ||
Numerals
Numerals are inflected for noun class (human, X, Y). For 1-3, there is a distinction between all three, but for 4-10, human and X class numerals are homophonous.
| Numerals | Human (M&F) | X | Y |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hin<num><mf> ↔ hin | hin<num><clx> ↔ han | hin<num><cly> ↔ hik |
| 2 | alt̯an<num><mf> ↔ alt̯an | alt̯an<num><clx> ↔ alt̯a | alt̯an<num><cly> ↔ alt̯o |
| 3 | isken<num><mf> ↔ isken | isken<num><clx> ↔ usko | isken<num><cly> ↔ iski |
| 4 | walt̯o<num><mfclx> ↔ walt̯o | hin<num><cly> ↔ walt̯i | |
| 5 | cʰund̪o<num><mfclx> ↔ cʰund̪o | cʰund̪o<num><cly> ↔ cʰind̪i | |
| 6 | mišind̪o<num><mfclx> ↔ mišind̪o | mišind̪o<num><cly> ↔ mišind̪i | |
| 7 | t̯ʰalo<num><mfclx> ↔ t̯ʰalo | t̯ʰalo<num><cly> ↔ t̯ʰale | |
| 8 | alt̯ambo<num><mfclx> ↔ alt̯ambo | alt̯ambo<num><cly> ↔ alt̯ambi | |
| 9 | hunčo<num><mfclx> ↔ hunčo | hunčo<num><cly> ↔ hunti | |
| 10 | t̯oorumo<num><mfclx> ↔ t̯oorumo | t̯oorumo<num><cly> ↔ t̯oorimi | |
(talk about above 10)
