Difference between revisions of "Dhivehi/Grammar"
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=== Non Human nouns=== | === Non Human nouns=== | ||
| − | To pluralize non-human nouns, just simply add the suffix ތައް to the end of the noun as shown below. However, if the plurality of the non-human noun is clear from context, the plural suffix is omitted. For example, when numbers are used with the noun, the plural suffix is omitted. | + | To pluralize non-human nouns, just simply add the suffix "-tak" (ތައް) to the end of the noun as shown below. However, if the plurality of the non-human noun is clear from context, the plural suffix is omitted. For example, when numbers are used with the noun, the plural suffix is omitted. Animals occasionally could take on the pluralization of human nouns if they are given human characteristics. |
# {{morphTest|އާފަލު{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|އާފަލުތައް}} (apples) | # {{morphTest|އާފަލު{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|އާފަލުތައް}} (apples) | ||
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Omitted plural suffix: | Omitted plural suffix: | ||
| + | |||
# {{morphTest | ދެ {{tag|num}} + ފޮތް {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| ދެފޮތް }} (two books) | # {{morphTest | ދެ {{tag|num}} + ފޮތް {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| ދެފޮތް }} (two books) | ||
# {{morphTest | ތިން {{tag|num}} + ތަރި {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| ތިންތަރި }} (three stars) | # {{morphTest | ތިން {{tag|num}} + ތަރި {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| ތިންތަރި }} (three stars) | ||
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===Human nouns=== | ===Human nouns=== | ||
| − | -n | + | |
| − | # | + | The pluralization of human nouns depends on the word final. The suffix "-n" (ން) is used after the vowel "i" (އި) or "u" (އު). The suffix "in" (އިން) is used after any other vowels. The suffix "un"(އުން) is used after any consonants. |
| − | # | + | |
| + | # {{morphTest | ރަދުން{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | ރަދުނުން }} (kings) *added "-un" | ||
| + | # {{morphTest | ޒުވާން {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | ޒުވާނުން }} (young people) *added "-un" | ||
| + | # {{morphTest | މުދައްރިސު {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | މުދައްރިސުން }} (teachers) *added "-n" | ||
| + | # {{morphTest | ޑޮކްޓަރު {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | ޑޮކްޓަރުން }} (doctors) *added "-n" | ||
| + | # {{morphTest | މުސްލިމު {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | މުސްލިމުން }} (Muslims) *added "-n" | ||
| + | # {{morphTest | ކަކާ {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | ކަކާއިން }} (chefs) *added "-in" | ||
| + | # {{morphTest | ކަކާ {{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | ކަކާއިން }} (chefs) *added "-in" | ||
===Boats=== | ===Boats=== | ||
Revision as of 20:04, 13 February 2019
Contents
Main Parts of Speech
The main parts of speech in Dhivehi are nouns, pronouns, numerals, verbs, adjectives, demonstratives and postpositions (rather than prepositions) and adverbs. Some parts of speech will be covered extensively below.
Nouns
Nouns in Dhivehi are divided into two subcategories: human and non-human nouns.
- Human nouns:
- މީހާ<n><sg><def> ↔ މީހާ (person)
- ފުލުސް<n><sg><def> ↔ ފުލުސް (police)
- Non-human nouns:
- ކަކުނި<n><sg><def> ↔ ކަކުނި (crab)
- ކަފަ<n><def> ↔ ކަފަ (cotton)
Pronouns
- Personal Pronouns
- Interrogative Pronouns
Numerals
Verbs
Adjectives
Postpositions and Adverbs
Dhviehi uses postpositions and no prepositions. Postpositions are generally derived from nouns. There are nominal postpositions, verbal postpositions, and other postpositions. The tag for postposition is <post>. މާ ެ ލެ ތޭ ރަ ގ 'in Malé'
Demonstratives
Demonstratives are functional words that are used frequently in Dhivehi. They could function as determiners, pronouns, and adverbs. There are three degrees of contrast in the demonstratives - 1st degree is near speaker (this/these - މި ), 2nd degree is near addressee (that/those - ތި ), and 3rd degree is elsewhere(that/those over there - އެ ). We will mark the degree of the demonstratives with <deg1>, <deg2>, and <deg3>.
When they are prefixed to a noun, they function as determiners. When they are prefixed to a verb, they function as adverbs, taking on a local or temporal meaning depending on the context. For example, the 1st degree demonstrative adverb could mean "now" or "here", while the 2nd degree demonstrative adverb could mean "then, afterward" or "there, near you". To function as pronouns, they are prefixed to the word "thing" or "things", with a slight change in pronunciation.
- Demonstratives as pronouns:
- މިތި <prn><deg1> ↔ (this/it)
- ތީތި <prn><deg2> ↔ (that/it)
- އޭތި <prn><deg3> ↔ (that (over there)/it)
- މިއެއްޗެހި <prn><deg1><pl> ↔ (these/they)
- ތިއެއްޗެހި <prn><deg2><pl> ↔ (those/they)
- އެއެއްޗެހި <prn><deg3><pl> ↔ (those (over there)/they)
- Demonstratives as determiners:
- މި <det><deg1> + ރާޖްޖެ <n><def> ↔ މިރާޖްޖެ (this country)
- ތި <det><deg2> + ފޮތް <n><def> ↔ ތިފޮތް (that book)
- އެ <det><deg3> + ކުއްތާތައް <n><pl><def> ↔ އެކުއްތާތައް (those dogs over there)
- Demonstratives as adverbs:
- މި <adv><deg1> + އޮތީ <v><ger> + ފޮތް <n><def> ↔ ފޮތްމިއޮތީ (The book is here.)
Pluralization
Pluralization of Dhivehi nouns is different for human and non-human nouns. In addition, there are exceptions for boats and names/kinship terms.
Non Human nouns
To pluralize non-human nouns, just simply add the suffix "-tak" (ތައް) to the end of the noun as shown below. However, if the plurality of the non-human noun is clear from context, the plural suffix is omitted. For example, when numbers are used with the noun, the plural suffix is omitted. Animals occasionally could take on the pluralization of human nouns if they are given human characteristics.
- އާފަލު<n><pl> ↔ އާފަލުތައް (apples)
- ފޮތް<n><pl> ↔ ފޮތްތައް (books)
- ދޫނި<n><pl> ↔ ދޫނިތައް (birds)
- ތަރި<n><pl> ↔ ތަރިތައް (stars)
- މަގު<n><pl> ↔ މަގުތައް (streets)
Omitted plural suffix:
- ދެ <num> + ފޮތް <n><pl> ↔ ދެފޮތް (two books)
- ތިން <num> + ތަރި <n><pl> ↔ ތިންތަރި (three stars)
- ހަތަރު <num> + ދޫނި <n><pl> ↔ ހަތަރުދޫނި (four birds)
Human nouns
The pluralization of human nouns depends on the word final. The suffix "-n" (ން) is used after the vowel "i" (އި) or "u" (އު). The suffix "in" (އިން) is used after any other vowels. The suffix "un"(އުން) is used after any consonants.
- ރަދުން<n><pl> ↔ ރަދުނުން (kings) *added "-un"
- ޒުވާން <n><pl> ↔ ޒުވާނުން (young people) *added "-un"
- މުދައްރިސު <n><pl> ↔ މުދައްރިސުން (teachers) *added "-n"
- ޑޮކްޓަރު <n><pl> ↔ ޑޮކްޓަރުން (doctors) *added "-n"
- މުސްލިމު <n><pl> ↔ މުސްލިމުން (Muslims) *added "-n"
- ކަކާ <n><pl> ↔ ކަކާއިން (chefs) *added "-in"
- ކަކާ <n><pl> ↔ ކަކާއިން (chefs) *added "-in"
Boats
-faharu
Names/Kinship terms
-men
