Difference between revisions of "Lakota/Grammar"
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| − | Verbs {{tag|v}} are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence. There are 3 types of verbs: Active <av>, Stative, and Transitive. | + | Verbs {{tag|v}} are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence. There are 3 types of verbs: Active <av>, Stative <sv>, and Transitive <tv>. |
{{comment|Why do the forms with subject tags and tensed translations in English have {{tag|inf}}? Shouldn't they have some tense tag instead? -JNW}} | {{comment|Why do the forms with subject tags and tensed translations in English have {{tag|inf}}? Shouldn't they have some tense tag instead? -JNW}} | ||
Revision as of 14:42, 14 April 2022
This is a general documentation of Lakota Grammar.
Sources include Lakota Basic Structures, the Wikipedia on the Lakota language Wikipedia and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.
category tags for what type of verb and tense lemmas on other side
3 types of verbs only do infinitives
and then do conjugation of verbs in separate section
plurals and other category
Contents
Parts of Speech
Nouns
Nouns <n> in Lakota appear in <subj><obj><v> order.
- pȟasù<n> ↔ (nose)
- tȟahù<n> ↔ (neck)
- pȟanȟté<n> ↔ (forehead)
- igmú<n> ↔ (cat)
- šún<n> ↔ (dog)
- maká<n> ↔ (skunk)
- čhuŋwíyapehe<n> ↔ (grapes)
- tȟaspáŋ<n> ↔ (apple)
- zíškopela<n> ↔ (banana)
- wažúšteča<n> ↔ (strawberry)
- bló<n> ↔ (potato)
- pšíŋ<n> ↔ (onion)
- wanúŋ<n> ↔ (accident)
- wóyazaŋ<n> ↔ (pain)
- úta<n> ↔ (acorn)
- ziŋtkázi<n> ↔ (canary)
- mniwáŋca<n> ↔ (ocean)
- waŋyéca<n> ↔ (firefly)
- magáju<n> ↔ (rain)
- skelúta<n> ↔ (oriole)
- míla<n> ↔ (knife)
- waskúyeca<n> ↔ (jam)
Verbs
Verbs <v> are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence. There are 3 types of verbs: Active <av>, Stative <sv>, and Transitive <tv>.
Why do the forms with subject tags and tensed translations in English have <inf>? Shouldn't they have some tense tag instead? -JNW
Also, I would separate out the paradigms into a grammar point or two. Here you only need a word or two with a <v> tag. -JNW
I think what you have as <du> should probably be <s_du1>. -JNW
- lol'iȟ'aŋ<v><inf> ↔ (to cook)
- íŋyaŋkA<v><inf> ↔ (to run)
- škátA<v><inf> ↔ (to play)
- ičháǧA<v><inf> ↔ (to grow)
Adverbs
- "adjectives" do not seem to exist and neither do "adverbs" ; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment."
Closed Class
Postpositions
Lakota uses postpositions <post> rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head <n>.
- mas'óphiye<n> (store) ↔ mas'óphiye él<n><post> (at the store)
- Here the translation should not be in the morphTest, and the postposition should not have a <n> tag. Try making separate morphTests for the noun and the postposition. -JNW
- Wówapi kiŋ wáglutapi kiŋ akáŋl<post> yaŋké. The book is sitting on the table.
- Wóžuha kiŋ oyúŋke kiŋ oȟláthe<post> yaŋké. The bag is sitting under the bed.
- Šiyútakaŋ kiŋ akáŋwowapi kiŋ isákhib<post> yaŋké. The laptop is sitting beside the desk.
- Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ itȟókab<post> yaŋké. The pencil is sitting in front of the chair.
Conjunctions
- čhaŋké<cnjcoo> ↔ (and)
- yuŋkȟáŋ<cnjcoo> ↔ (and)
- k’éyaš<cnjcoo> ↔ (but)
- na<cnjcoo> ↔ (joins nouns/phrases)
Articles
The definite article "kiŋ"<def> is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"<ind> is used in cases where "a" would be used in English.
- kiŋ<def> ↔ (the)
- waŋ<ind> ↔ (a)
Where's the part of speech tag? Definite and indefinite articles are subtypes of determiner. -JNW
Demonstratives
There are nine demonstratives <dem> in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners <det> or pronouns <prn>. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners.
- lé<prn><dem><sg> ↔ (this)
- lé<prn><dem><pl> ↔ lená (these)
- lé<prn><dem><du> ↔ lenáos (these)
- ká<prn><dem><sg> ↔ (that)
- ká<prn><dem><pl> ↔ kaná (those)
- ká<prn><dem><du> ↔ kanáos (those)
- hé<prn><dem><sg> ↔ (this)
- hé<prn><dem><pl> ↔ hená (these)
- hé<prn><dem><du> ↔ henáos (these)
These are demonstrative pronouns, meaning that they are a subtype of pronoun. So the <prn> tag should be the first one. -JNW
Grammar Points
Below are conjugations of active <av>, stative <sv>, and transitive <tv> verbs.
Infinitive Verbs
Here, verbs are unchanged from the lemma when they are in infinitive form <inf>.
- ištíŋmA<v><inf> ↔ ištíŋmA (to sleep)
- íyotakA<v><inf> ↔ íyotakA (to sit down)
- čhéyA<v><inf> ↔ čhéyA (to cry)
- ípuzA<v><inf> ↔ ípuzA (to be thirsty)
- heyÁ<v><inf> ↔ heyÁ (to say that)
- šíčA<v><inf> ↔ šíčA (to be bad)
- máni<v><inf> ↔ máni (to walk)
- watúkȟa<v><inf> ↔ watúkȟa (to be tired)
- waŋyáŋkA<v><inf><tv> ↔ waŋyáŋkA (to look at)
