Difference between revisions of "Lakota/Grammar"
(→Infinitive Verbs) |
(→Closed Class) |
||
| Line 59: | Line 59: | ||
*"adjectives" do not seem to exist and neither do "adverbs" ; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment." | *"adjectives" do not seem to exist and neither do "adverbs" ; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment." | ||
| − | + | === Postpositions === | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
Lakota uses postpositions {{tag|post}} rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head {{tag|n}}. | Lakota uses postpositions {{tag|post}} rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head {{tag|n}}. | ||
*{{morphTest|mas'óphiye{{tag|n}} (store)|mas'óphiye él}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|post}} (at the store) | *{{morphTest|mas'óphiye{{tag|n}} (store)|mas'óphiye él}}{{tag|n}}{{tag|post}} (at the store) | ||
| Line 70: | Line 68: | ||
*Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ '''itȟókab'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The pencil is sitting '''in front of''' the chair. | *Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ '''itȟókab'''{{tag|post}} yaŋké. The pencil is sitting '''in front of''' the chair. | ||
| − | + | === Conjunctions === | |
* {{morphTest|čhaŋké{{tag|cnjcoo}}|}} (and) | * {{morphTest|čhaŋké{{tag|cnjcoo}}|}} (and) | ||
* {{morphTest|yuŋkȟáŋ{{tag|cnjcoo}}|}} (and) | * {{morphTest|yuŋkȟáŋ{{tag|cnjcoo}}|}} (and) | ||
| Line 76: | Line 74: | ||
* {{morphTest|na{{tag|cnjcoo}}|}} (joins nouns/phrases) | * {{morphTest|na{{tag|cnjcoo}}|}} (joins nouns/phrases) | ||
| − | + | === Articles === | |
The definite article "kiŋ"{{tag|def}} is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"{{tag|ind}} is used in cases where "a" would be used in English. | The definite article "kiŋ"{{tag|def}} is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"{{tag|ind}} is used in cases where "a" would be used in English. | ||
| Line 85: | Line 83: | ||
{{comment|Where's the part of speech tag? Definite and indefinite articles are subtypes of determiner. -JNW}} | {{comment|Where's the part of speech tag? Definite and indefinite articles are subtypes of determiner. -JNW}} | ||
| − | + | === Demonstratives === | |
There are nine demonstratives {{tag|dem}} in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners {{tag|det}} or pronouns {{tag|prn}}. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners. | There are nine demonstratives {{tag|dem}} in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners {{tag|det}} or pronouns {{tag|prn}}. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners. | ||
| Line 100: | Line 98: | ||
{{comment|These are demonstrative pronouns, meaning that they are a subtype of pronoun. So the {{tag|prn}} tag should be the first one. -JNW}} | {{comment|These are demonstrative pronouns, meaning that they are a subtype of pronoun. So the {{tag|prn}} tag should be the first one. -JNW}} | ||
| − | + | === Grammar Points === | |
Below are example conjugations of active {{tag|av}}, stative {{tag|sv}}, and transitive {{tag|tv}} verbs. | Below are example conjugations of active {{tag|av}}, stative {{tag|sv}}, and transitive {{tag|tv}} verbs. | ||
| − | + | ==== Infinitive Verbs ==== | |
Here, verbs are unchanged from the lemma when they are in infinitive form {{tag|inf}}. | Here, verbs are unchanged from the lemma when they are in infinitive form {{tag|inf}}. | ||
Revision as of 14:51, 14 April 2022
This is a general documentation of Lakota Grammar.
Sources include Lakota Basic Structures, the Wikipedia on the Lakota language Wikipedia and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.
category tags for what type of verb and tense lemmas on other side
3 types of verbs only do infinitives
and then do conjugation of verbs in separate section
plurals and other category
Contents
Parts of Speech
Nouns
Nouns <n> in Lakota appear in <subj><obj><v> order.
- pȟasù<n> ↔ (nose)
- tȟahù<n> ↔ (neck)
- pȟanȟté<n> ↔ (forehead)
- igmú<n> ↔ (cat)
- šún<n> ↔ (dog)
- maká<n> ↔ (skunk)
- čhuŋwíyapehe<n> ↔ (grapes)
- tȟaspáŋ<n> ↔ (apple)
- zíškopela<n> ↔ (banana)
- wažúšteča<n> ↔ (strawberry)
- bló<n> ↔ (potato)
- pšíŋ<n> ↔ (onion)
- wanúŋ<n> ↔ (accident)
- wóyazaŋ<n> ↔ (pain)
- úta<n> ↔ (acorn)
- ziŋtkázi<n> ↔ (canary)
- mniwáŋca<n> ↔ (ocean)
- waŋyéca<n> ↔ (firefly)
- magáju<n> ↔ (rain)
- skelúta<n> ↔ (oriole)
- míla<n> ↔ (knife)
- waskúyeca<n> ↔ (jam)
Verbs
Verbs <v> are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence. There are 3 types of verbs: Active <av>, Stative <sv>, and Transitive <tv>.
Why do the forms with subject tags and tensed translations in English have <inf>? Shouldn't they have some tense tag instead? -JNW
Also, I would separate out the paradigms into a grammar point or two. Here you only need a word or two with a <v> tag. -JNW
I think what you have as <du> should probably be <s_du1>. -JNW
- šíčA<v><inf><sv> ↔ šíčA (to be bad)
- máni<v><inf><av> ↔ máni (to walk)
- waŋyáŋkA<v><inf><tv> ↔ waŋyáŋkA (to look at)
Adverbs
- "adjectives" do not seem to exist and neither do "adverbs" ; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment."
Postpositions
Lakota uses postpositions <post> rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head <n>.
- mas'óphiye<n> (store) ↔ mas'óphiye él<n><post> (at the store)
- Here the translation should not be in the morphTest, and the postposition should not have a <n> tag. Try making separate morphTests for the noun and the postposition. -JNW
- Wówapi kiŋ wáglutapi kiŋ akáŋl<post> yaŋké. The book is sitting on the table.
- Wóžuha kiŋ oyúŋke kiŋ oȟláthe<post> yaŋké. The bag is sitting under the bed.
- Šiyútakaŋ kiŋ akáŋwowapi kiŋ isákhib<post> yaŋké. The laptop is sitting beside the desk.
- Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ itȟókab<post> yaŋké. The pencil is sitting in front of the chair.
Conjunctions
- čhaŋké<cnjcoo> ↔ (and)
- yuŋkȟáŋ<cnjcoo> ↔ (and)
- k’éyaš<cnjcoo> ↔ (but)
- na<cnjcoo> ↔ (joins nouns/phrases)
Articles
The definite article "kiŋ"<def> is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"<ind> is used in cases where "a" would be used in English.
- kiŋ<def> ↔ (the)
- waŋ<ind> ↔ (a)
Where's the part of speech tag? Definite and indefinite articles are subtypes of determiner. -JNW
Demonstratives
There are nine demonstratives <dem> in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners <det> or pronouns <prn>. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners.
- lé<prn><dem><sg> ↔ (this)
- lé<prn><dem><pl> ↔ lená (these)
- lé<prn><dem><du> ↔ lenáos (these)
- ká<prn><dem><sg> ↔ (that)
- ká<prn><dem><pl> ↔ kaná (those)
- ká<prn><dem><du> ↔ kanáos (those)
- hé<prn><dem><sg> ↔ (this)
- hé<prn><dem><pl> ↔ hená (these)
- hé<prn><dem><du> ↔ henáos (these)
These are demonstrative pronouns, meaning that they are a subtype of pronoun. So the <prn> tag should be the first one. -JNW
Grammar Points
Below are example conjugations of active <av>, stative <sv>, and transitive <tv> verbs.
Infinitive Verbs
Here, verbs are unchanged from the lemma when they are in infinitive form <inf>.
- ištíŋmA<v><inf><av> ↔ ištíŋmA (to sleep)
- íyotakA<v><inf><av> ↔ íyotakA (to sit down)
- čhéyA<v><inf><av> ↔ čhéyA (to cry)
- ípuzA<v><inf><sv> ↔ ípuzA (to be thirsty)
- heyÁ<v><inf><tv> ↔ heyÁ (to say that)
- lol'iȟ'aŋ<v><inf><av> ↔ lol'iȟ'aŋ (to cook)
- íŋyaŋkA<v><inf><av> ↔ íŋyaŋkA (to run)
- škátA<v><inf><av> ↔ škátA (to play)
- ičháǧA<v><inf><av> ↔ ičháǧA (to grow)
- watúkȟa<v><inf><sv> ↔ watúkȟa (to be tired)
Active
- máni<v><av><s_sg1> ↔ mawáni (I walk)
- máni<v><av><s_sg2> ↔ mayáni (you walk)
- máni<v><av><s_sg3> ↔ máni (they walk)
- máni<v><av><s_du1> ↔ uŋmáni (we two walk)
- máni<v><av><s_pl1> ↔ uŋmánipi (we all walk)
- máni<v><av><s_pl2> ↔ mayánipi (you all walk)
- máni<v><av><s_pl3> ↔ mánipi (they all walk)
- ičú<v><av><inf> ↔ ičú (to take)
- ičú<v><av><s_sg1> ↔ iwáču (I take)
Stative
- watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg1> ↔ mawatúkȟa (I am tired)
- watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg2> ↔ niwatúkȟa (you are tired)
- watúkȟa<v><sv><s_sg3> ↔ watúkȟa (they are tired)
- watúkȟa<v><sv><s_du1> ↔ uŋwatúkȟa (we two are tired)
- watúkȟa<v><sv><s_pl1> ↔ uŋwatúkȟapi (we are tired)
- watúkȟa<v><sv><s_pl2> ↔ niwatúkȟapi (you all are tired)
- watúkȟa<v><sv><s_pl3> ↔ watúkȟapi (they all are tired)
Transitive
- waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_sg1> ↔ mawaŋyáŋkA (I look at it)
- waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_sg2> ↔ niwaŋyáŋkA (you look at it)
- waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_sg3> ↔ waŋyáŋkA (they look at it)
- waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl1> ↔ uŋwaŋyáŋkepi (I look at them)
- waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl2> ↔ niwaŋyáŋkepi (you look at them)
- waŋyáŋkA<v><tv><s_pl3> ↔ waŋwíčhayaŋkA (they look at them)
- k'ú<v><tv><inf> ↔ k'ú (to give to)
- k'ú<v><tv><s_sg1> ↔ wak'ú (I give to)
