Difference between revisions of "Hokkien and English/Contrastive Grammar"
From LING073
(Created page with "==Ten Sentences== 1. I chit-má bô teh tha̍k Gô-bûn--ah. He is no longer studying Russian. 2. Hit chhut tiān-iá góa jú lâi jú siu-beh khòa. More and more, I would...") |
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2. Hit chhut tiān-iá góa jú lâi jú siu-beh khòa. | 2. Hit chhut tiān-iá góa jú lâi jú siu-beh khòa. | ||
| − | + | I would like to see that movie more and more. | |
3. Lí kám ē-tàng kā chit kóa Ing-pōng ōa-chò Bí-kim? | 3. Lí kám ē-tàng kā chit kóa Ing-pōng ōa-chò Bí-kim? | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
10. I tī chhia thâu-chêng khiā-leh. | 10. I tī chhia thâu-chêng khiā-leh. | ||
She is standing in front of the car. | She is standing in front of the car. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 11. Âng-e-á ū teh kóng ōe! | ||
| + | The baby is talking! | ||
| + | |||
| + | 12. Mn̂g lóng koaiⁿ--leh. | ||
| + | All the doors are closed. | ||
| + | ==Differences== | ||
| + | |||
| + | 1. In Hokkien, when a verb signals a new state or situation, the anterior aspect marker 矣 -- ah is added to the end of the clause or sentence. However, English does not have such an aspect marker. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|I chit-má bô teh tha̍k Gô-bûn--ah.|He is no longer studying Russian.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng|I{{tag|prn}} chit-má{{tag|adv}} bô{{tag|prn}} teh {{tag|v}} tha̍k{{tag|v}} Gô-bûn{{tag|n}} ah{{tag|det}}| He{{tag|prn}} is{{tag|v}} no{{tag|det}} longer{{tag|adv}} studying{{tag|v}} Russian{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|Góa kin-á-jı̍t ê kong-khò í-keng ôan-sêng--ah.|I've already finished today's homework}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng|Góa{{tag|n}} kin-á-jı̍t{{tag|adj}} ê{{tag|det}} kong-khò{{tag|n}} í-keng{{tag|adv}} ôan-sêng{{tag|v}} ah{{tag|det}}| I've{{tag|n}} already{{tag|adv}} finished{{tag|v}} today's{{tag|adj}} homework{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | 2. In Hokkien, adverbs occur before verbs, while in English, adverbs can occur after or before verbs. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|Hit chhut tiān-iá góa jú-lâi-jú siu-beh khòa.|I would like to see that movie more and more.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng|Hit chhut{{tag|det}} tiān-iá{{tag|n}} góa{{tag|prn}} jú-lâi-jú{{tag|adv}} siu-beh{{tag|v}} khòa{{tag|v}}| I{{tag|prn}} would{{tag|v}} like{{tag|v}} to{{tag|pr}} see{{tag|v}} that{{tag|det}} movie{{tag|n}} more and more{{tag|adv}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|Góa jú-lâi-jú kah-ì lí ê pêng-iú.|I like your friend more and more.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng|Góa{{tag|prn}} jú-lâi-jú{{tag|adv}} kah-ì{{tag|v}} lí{{tag|prn}} ê{{tag|det}} pêng-iú{{tag|n}}| I{{tag|prn}} like{{tag|v}} your{{tag|prn}} friend{{tag|n}} more and more{{tag|adv}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | 3. To emphasize that an action is occurring in the present, the dynamic continuous aspect marker 咧 teh is used in conjunction with 有 ū in Hokkien, however English doesn't. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|Àm-tǹg chia̍h liáu, góa ū teh lim tê.|I drink tea after dinner.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng| Àm-tǹg{{tag|n}} chia̍h liáu{{tag|adv}} góa{{tag|prn}} ū teh{{tag|det}} lim{{tag|v}} tê{{tag|n}} | I{{tag|prn}} drink{{tag|v}} tea{{tag|n}} after{{tag|adv}} dinner{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|Âng-e-á ū teh kóng ōe!|The baby is talking!}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng| Âng-e-á{{tag|n}} ū teh{{tag|det}} kóng{{tag|v}} ōe{{tag|det}}| The{{tag|det}} baby{{tag|n}} is{{tag|v}} talking{{tag|v}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | 4. The verb suffix leh, which emphasizes an action that is in a persistent state or condition, exists in Hokkien but not in English. | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|Chúi-chi-teng àn chhù-téng tiàu--leh.|Crystal lights are hanging from the ceiling.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng| Chúi-chi-teng{{tag|n}} àn{{tag|v}} chhù-téng{{tag|n}} tiàu{{tag|v}} leh{{tag|det}}| Crystal{{tag|n}} lights{{tag|n}} are{{tag|v}} hanging{{tag|v}} from{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} ceiling{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|I tī chhia thâu-chêng khiā-leh.|She is standing in front of the car.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng| I{{tag|prn}} tī{{tag|v}} chhia{{tag|n}} thâu{{tag|pr}} chêng{{tag|n}} khiā{{tag|v}} leh{{tag|det}} | She{{tag|prn}} is{{tag|v}} standing{{tag|v}} in{{tag|pr}} front{{tag|n}} of{{tag|pr}} the{{tag|det}} car{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | 5. English uses an article, the, while Hokkien doesn't. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|Ha̍k-seng chheh the̍h--leh.|The students are holding their books.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng| Ha̍k-seng{{tag|n}} chheh{{tag|n}} the̍h{{tag|v}} leh{{tag|det}}| The{{tag|det}} students{{tag|n}} are{{tag|v}} holding{{tag|v}} their{{tag|prn}} books{{tag|n}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|nan|eng|Mn̂g lóng koai--leh.|All the doors are closed.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|nan|eng| Mn̂g{{tag|n}} lóng{{tag|det}} koai{{tag|v}} leh{{tag|det}}| All{{tag|det}} the{{tag|det}} doors{{tag|n}} are{{tag|v}} closed{{tag|v}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | [[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Hokkien]] | ||
Revision as of 12:54, 30 May 2022
Ten Sentences
1. I chit-má bô teh tha̍k Gô-bûn--ah. He is no longer studying Russian.
2. Hit chhut tiān-iá góa jú lâi jú siu-beh khòa. I would like to see that movie more and more.
3. Lí kám ē-tàng kā chit kóa Ing-pōng ōa-chò Bí-kim? Can you change these British pounds into American dollars?
4. Góa kin-á-jı̍t ê kong-khò í-keng ôan-sêng--ah. I’ve already finished today’s homework.
5. Gín-á ài àn sè-hàn khai-sí chiah ē-tàng ióng-sêng hó sı̍p-kòan. Successfully raising children with good habits must begin when they are young.
6. Góa jú lâi jú kah-ì lí ê pêng-iú. I like your friend more and more.
7. Ha̍k-seng chheh the̍h--leh. The students are holding their books.
8. Àm-tǹg chia̍h liáu, góa ū teh lim tê. I drink tea after dinner.
9. Chúi-chi-teng àn chhù-téng tiàu--leh. Crystal lights are hanging from the ceiling.
10. I tī chhia thâu-chêng khiā-leh. She is standing in front of the car.
11. Âng-e-á ū teh kóng ōe! The baby is talking!
12. Mn̂g lóng koaiⁿ--leh. All the doors are closed.
Differences
1. In Hokkien, when a verb signals a new state or situation, the anterior aspect marker 矣 -- ah is added to the end of the clause or sentence. However, English does not have such an aspect marker.
- (nan) I chit-má bô teh tha̍k Gô-bûn--ah. → (eng) He is no longer studying Russian.
- (nan) I<prn> chit-má<adv> bô<prn> teh <v> tha̍k<v> Gô-bûn<n> ah<det> → (eng) He<prn> is<v> no<det> longer<adv> studying<v> Russian<n>
- (nan) Góa kin-á-jı̍t ê kong-khò í-keng ôan-sêng--ah. → (eng) I've already finished today's homework
- (nan) Góa<n> kin-á-jı̍t<adj> ê<det> kong-khò<n> í-keng<adv> ôan-sêng<v> ah<det> → (eng) I've<n> already<adv> finished<v> today's<adj> homework<n>
2. In Hokkien, adverbs occur before verbs, while in English, adverbs can occur after or before verbs.
- (nan) Hit chhut tiān-iá góa jú-lâi-jú siu-beh khòa. → (eng) I would like to see that movie more and more.
- (nan) Hit chhut<det> tiān-iá<n> góa<prn> jú-lâi-jú<adv> siu-beh<v> khòa<v> → (eng) I<prn> would<v> like<v> to<pr> see<v> that<det> movie<n> more and more<adv>
- (nan) Góa jú-lâi-jú kah-ì lí ê pêng-iú. → (eng) I like your friend more and more.
- (nan) Góa<prn> jú-lâi-jú<adv> kah-ì<v> lí<prn> ê<det> pêng-iú<n> → (eng) I<prn> like<v> your<prn> friend<n> more and more<adv>
3. To emphasize that an action is occurring in the present, the dynamic continuous aspect marker 咧 teh is used in conjunction with 有 ū in Hokkien, however English doesn't.
- (nan) Àm-tǹg chia̍h liáu, góa ū teh lim tê. → (eng) I drink tea after dinner.
- (nan) Àm-tǹg<n> chia̍h liáu<adv> góa<prn> ū teh<det> lim<v> tê<n> → (eng) I<prn> drink<v> tea<n> after<adv> dinner<n>
- (nan) Âng-e-á ū teh kóng ōe! → (eng) The baby is talking!
- (nan) Âng-e-á<n> ū teh<det> kóng<v> ōe<det> → (eng) The<det> baby<n> is<v> talking<v>
4. The verb suffix leh, which emphasizes an action that is in a persistent state or condition, exists in Hokkien but not in English.
- (nan) Chúi-chi-teng àn chhù-téng tiàu--leh. → (eng) Crystal lights are hanging from the ceiling.
- (nan) Chúi-chi-teng<n> àn<v> chhù-téng<n> tiàu<v> leh<det> → (eng) Crystal<n> lights<n> are<v> hanging<v> from<pr> the<det> ceiling<n>
- (nan) I tī chhia thâu-chêng khiā-leh. → (eng) She is standing in front of the car.
- (nan) I<prn> tī<v> chhia<n> thâu<pr> chêng<n> khiā<v> leh<det> → (eng) She<prn> is<v> standing<v> in<pr> front<n> of<pr> the<det> car<n>
5. English uses an article, the, while Hokkien doesn't.
- (nan) Ha̍k-seng chheh the̍h--leh. → (eng) The students are holding their books.
- (nan) Ha̍k-seng<n> chheh<n> the̍h<v> leh<det> → (eng) The<det> students<n> are<v> holding<v> their<prn> books<n>
- (nan) Mn̂g lóng koai--leh. → (eng) All the doors are closed.
- (nan) Mn̂g<n> lóng<det> koai<v> leh<det> → (eng) All<det> the<det> doors<n> are<v> closed<v>
