Difference between revisions of "Rungus/Grammar"
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====Perfective==== | ====Perfective==== | ||
Enclitics of realisation -no = already | Enclitics of realisation -no = already | ||
| − | *{{morphTest|limo{{tag|n}}{{tag| | + | *{{morphTest|limo{{tag|n}}+no{{tag|enc}}|limono}} ('already five') |
| − | *{{morphTest| | + | *{{morphTest|nemotku{{tag|v}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}+no{{tag|enc}}|nemotkuno}} ('already seen by me') |
| − | *{{morphTest|pongo{{tag|v}}{{tag| | + | *{{morphTest|pongo{{tag|v}}+no{{tag|enc}}|nopongono}} ('always finished') |
====Imperfective==== | ====Imperfective==== | ||
Enclitics of expectation -po = still more, yet | Enclitics of expectation -po = still more, yet | ||
| − | *{{morphTest|limo{{tag|n}}{{tag| | + | *{{morphTest|limo{{tag|n}}+po{{tag|enc}}|limopo}} ('five more') |
| − | *{{morphTest|imot{{tag|v}}{{tag| | + | *{{morphTest|imot{{tag|v}}+po{{tag|enc}}|imatai}} ('seen first') |
| − | *{{morphTest|pongo{{tag|v}}{{tag| | + | *{{morphTest|pongo{{tag|v}}+po{{tag|enc}}|amupo opongo}} ('not yet finished') |
| − | |||
====Progressive==== | ====Progressive==== | ||
Enclitics of continuation -nopo = already started, not yet completed, always | Enclitics of continuation -nopo = already started, not yet completed, always | ||
| − | *{{morphTest|limo{{tag|n}}{{tag|}}|limonopo}} ('always five') | + | *{{morphTest|limo{{tag|n}}+nopo{{tag|enc}}|limonopo}} ('always five') |
| + | *{{morphTest|imot{{tag|v}}+nopo{{tag|enc}}|emotnopo}} ('always visible') | ||
| + | *{{morphTest|mangatag{{tag|v}}+nopo{{tag|enc}}|mangatagnopo}} ('always repairing') | ||
===Aspects=== | ===Aspects=== | ||
Revision as of 01:54, 22 February 2025
Contents
Parts of Speech
The main parts of speech in Rungus are:
- Nouns <n>
- Verbs <v>
- Adjectives <adj>
- Determiners <det>
- Pronouns <prn>
- Prepositions <pr>
- Numerals <num>
- Adverbs(?) <adv>
Inflectional Morphology
Reduplication
Transitive Prefixes
In Rungus, transitive verbs are those that can take an object. They are conjugated with a prefix (denoting aspect), and the appropriate personal pronoun is attached to the end (denoting the subject). The prefixes themselves are determined by phonological stipulations of the stem.
Verbs in Rungus should be tagged <v>, and transitive verbs can be subcategorized as <tv>. One of the aspects is the imperfective <impf>. The person tags needed in Rungus are <p1>, <p2>, and <p3>, and the number tags needed are <sg> and <pl>.
Prefixation on Stem Initial Voiceless Cs and /b/
For stems with initial voiceless consonants, the prefix «mo» (var. «ma») is attached. The /o/ in the prefix assimilates to /a/ if the first vowel in the stem is /a/. The stem initial C then becomes either /m/ or /n/, depending on POA (e.g. /p/ becomes /m/, while /t/ becomes /n/ and /k/ becomes /ŋ/). The following examples are all conjugated in the first person singular <p1> <sg>, represented by the first person singular suffixed personal pronoun «oku»:
Stem initial voiceless bilabials/labiodentals (and /b/):
- panau<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mamanau oku
- babo<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mamabo oku
- bubul<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ momubul oku
- valiu<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mamaliu oku
- vudut<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ momudut oku
Stem initial voiceless alveolars:
- taʼud<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ manaʼud oku
- tulung<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ monulung oku
- sukung<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ monukung oku
Stem initial voiceless velars:
- kama<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangama oku
- kuvo<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ monguvo oku
Prefixation on Stem Initial Voiced Cs, excluding /b/
For stems with initial voiced consonants, the prefix «mongo» (var. «manga») is attached. The /o/s in the prefix assimilate to /a/s if first vowel in the stem is /a/, as demonstrated by previous examples. The following examples are, again, all conjugated in the first person singular <p1> <sg>:
- duat<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mongoduat oku
- gama<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangagama oku
- guna<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mongoguno oku
- havol<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangahavol oku
- ramit<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangaramit oku
- lobong<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mongolobong oku
- zazak<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangazazak oku
- malun<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangamalun oku
- jamin<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangajamin oku
Prefixation on Stem Initial Vs (technically /ʔ/)
For stems with initial vowels (which are phonetically articulated to begin with the glottal stop /ʔ/), the prefix «mong» (var. «mang») is attached with the same phonological stipulations as above. The following examples are again all in 1sg <p1> <sg>:
- ido<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mongido oku
- ovit<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mongovit oku
- ada<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangada oku
- umo<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mongumo oku
Non-1sg Examples
There are a few examples of these same rules applying for non-1sg subjects, evidence that this is a broader linguistic pattern and not solely applicable to 1sg. Note that the 3sg suffixed personal pronoun <p3> <sg>, as well as the 3pl suffixed personal pronoun <p3> <pl> are null [∅].
You hit:
- bobog<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ momobog ko
He makes:
- gama<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mangagama
We tell (this appears to be irregular, since these rules would predict «mamalangon tokou»):
- valangon<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ manangon tokou
Plurals
Plural nouns are formed in Rungus by adding a pluralizing prefix to a noun stem. A collectivizing stem may be added instead to form a collective noun.
Pluralizing Nouns
The pluralizing prefix <pl> for singular nouns <n> is «ongo» (var. «anga» if the stem begins with /a/). Additionally, the second vowel in the prefix may contract with a stem initial vowel according to Rungus vowel contraction rules (namely, /a/+/a/=[a], /o/+/u/=[u], /o/+/o/=[o], and /o/+/i/=[e]).
- valai<n><pl> ↔ ongovalai
- palampag<n><pl> ↔ ongopalampag
- aki<n><pl> ↔ angaki
- idi<n><pl> ↔ ongedi
- ulon<n><pl> ↔ ongulon
- dupot<n><pl> ↔ ongodupot
Collectivizing Nouns
The collectivizing prefix <coll> for singular nouns <n> is «song» (var. «sang» if the stem begins with /a/).
- ulun<n><coll> ↔ songulun
- anak<n><coll> ↔ sanganak
- riniba<n><coll> ↔ songriniba
Personal Pronouns
Demonstratives
Demonstrative Determiners
There are six articles in Rungus, differentiated by definiteness (definite, indefinite) and case (nominative, accusative):
- i<det><dem> ↔ i
- o<det><dem> ↔ o
- it<det><dem><def><nom> ↔ it
- ot<det><dem><ind><nom> ↔ ot
- dit<det><dem><def><acc> ↔ dit
- dot<det><dem><ind><acc> ↔ dot
The two determiners i and o appear respectively before proper names and vocative terms. Additionally, the -t may be optionally deleted from the other articles, especially before consonants.
Demonstrative Pronouns
There are thirteen demonstrative pronouns in Rungus, differentiated by proximity (proximal, distal) and case (nominative, accusative, locative). The table displays eleven of them.
| Proximity | Nominative | Accusative | Locative |
|---|---|---|---|
| proximate | iti<prn><dem><nom><prx><nom> ↔ iti | diti<prn><dem><nom><prx><acc> ↔ diti | siti<prn><dem><nom><prx><loc> ↔ siti |
| less close | ino<prn><dem><nom><dst><nom> ↔ ino | dino<prn><dem><nom><dst><acc> ↔ dino | sino<prn><dem><nom><dst><loc> ↔ sino |
| distant | ilo<prn><dem><nom><dst><nom> ↔ ilo | dilo<prn><dem><nom><dst><acc> ↔ dilo | silo<prn><dem><nom><dst><loc> ↔ silo |
| the aforementioned | iri<prn><dem><nom> ↔ iri | diri<prn><dem><acc> ↔ diri |
The demonstrative pronouns with locative case do not have a corresponding word that refers to the aforementioned, but rather has two other pronouns that refer to things further and further into the distance:
- sori<prn><dem><dst><loc> ↔ sori
- hodi<prn><dem><dst><loc> ↔ hodi
sori refers to something in the far distance, while hodi refers to something in the general vicinity that is still visible.
Contractions
Certain demonstrative pronouns with nominative and accusative case can be contracted with the demonstrative determiner it:
| Nominative | Accusative | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| iti + it = itit | iti<prn><dem><nom><prx> + it<det><dem><def><nom> ↔ itit | diti + it = ditit | diti<prn><dem><nom><prx> + it<det><dem><def><nom> ↔ ditit |
| ino + it = inot | ino<prn><dem><nom><dst> + it<det><dem><def><nom> ↔ inot | dino + it = dinot | dino<prn><dem><nom><dst> + it<det><dem><def><nom> ↔ dinot |
| ilo + it = ilot | ilo<prn><dem><nom><dst> + it<det><dem><def><nom> ↔ ilot | dilo + it = dilot | dilo<prn><dem><nom><dst> + it<det><dem><def><nom> ↔ dilot |
Enclitics
Perfective
Enclitics of realisation -no = already
- limo<n>+no<enc> ↔ limono ('already five')
- nemotku<v><p1><sg>+no<enc> ↔ nemotkuno ('already seen by me')
- pongo<v>+no<enc> ↔ nopongono ('always finished')
Imperfective
Enclitics of expectation -po = still more, yet
- limo<n>+po<enc> ↔ limopo ('five more')
- imot<v>+po<enc> ↔ imatai ('seen first')
- pongo<v>+po<enc> ↔ amupo opongo ('not yet finished')
Progressive
Enclitics of continuation -nopo = already started, not yet completed, always
- limo<n>+nopo<enc> ↔ limonopo ('always five')
- imot<v>+nopo<enc> ↔ emotnopo ('always visible')
- mangatag<v>+nopo<enc> ↔ mangatagnopo ('always repairing')
