Difference between revisions of "Uyghur/Grammar"
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!2nd Person (Polite) | !2nd Person (Polite) | ||
| − | | '''{{morphTest| | + | | '''{{morphTest|سىز{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|infml}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|سىز}}''' |
| '''{{morphTest|سىلەر{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pol}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|سىلەر}}''' | | '''{{morphTest|سىلەر{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pol}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|سىلەر}}''' | ||
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!2nd Person (Informal) | !2nd Person (Informal) | ||
| − | | '''{{morphTest| | + | | '''{{morphTest|سەن{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pol}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|سەن}}''' |
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
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Revision as of 21:41, 19 March 2025
Contents
Part of Speech
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Uyghur has one set for first-person and third-person. The second person pronouns comes with 3 sets that depends on the formality and politeness. The inflection of the pronouns depends on the number and cases.
These are all examples for the pronouns for the nominative case:
| Cases | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | مەن<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> ↔ مەن | بىز<prn><pers><p1><pl><nom> ↔ بىز |
| 2nd Person (Polite) | سىز<prn><pers><p2><infml><sg><nom> ↔ سىز | سىلەر<prn><pers><p2><pol><pl><nom> ↔ سىلەر |
| 2nd Person (Informal) | سەن<prn><pers><p2><pol><sg><nom> ↔ سەن | - |
| 2nd Person (Formal) | سىلى<prn><pers><p2><frm><sg><nom> ↔ سىلى | - |
| 3rd Person | ئۇ<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom> ↔ ئۇ | ئۇلار<prn><pers><p3><pl><nom> ↔ ئۇلار |
Demonstrative Pronouns
Uyghur has several demonstrative pronouns that could be use as an emphasis or an intensifiers. The common usage is to refers to the distance from the speaker or the person/thing that is referred to. Demonstrative pronouns' inflection depends on the number and cases.
- ﺑۇ<prn><dem><nom> ↔ ﺑۇ bu "this" Visible person, object, or concept close to the speaker
- ﺋۇ<prn><dem><nom> ↔ ﺋۇ u "that" Visible person, object, or concept some distance from the speaker
- ﺷۇ<prn><dem><nom> ↔ ﺷۇ shu "that one" Used to clarify a distant, previously-mentioned object in the affirmative
- ﻣﺎۋۇ<prn><dem><nom> ↔ ﻣﺎۋۇ mawu "this one" concrete objects derived from bu
- ﺋﺎۋۇ<prn><dem><nom> ↔ ﺋﺎۋۇ awu that one (way over there) object distant from the speaker
- ﻣۇﺷۇ<prn><dem><nom> ↔ ﻣۇﺷۇ mushu "this one" clarifies something searched for (in a question)
- ﺋﺎﺷۇ<prn><dem><nom> ↔ ﺋﺎﺷۇ ashu "that one (over there)" a confirmation in a response to a question
Nouns
Uyghur nouns has ten cases which, except for the nominative case, all have suffixation after the possessive or plural suffixes.
| Case | Suffix | kün "day" | hawa "air" | chëlek "bucket" | kitab "book" |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -∅ | كۈن<n><nom> ↔ كۈن | ھاۋا<n><nom> ↔ ھاۋا | چېلەك<n><nom> ↔ چېلەك | كىتاب<n><nom> ↔ كىتاب |
| genitive | -ning | كۈن<n><gen> ↔ كۈننىڭ | ھاۋا<n><gen> ↔ ھاۋىنىڭ | چېلەك<n><gen> ↔ چېلەكنىڭ | كىتاب<n><gen> ↔ كىتابنىڭ |
| dative | -GA | كۈن<n><dat> ↔ كۈنگە | ھاۋا<n><dat> ↔ ھاۋىغا | چېلەك<n><dat> ↔ چېلەككە | كىتاب<n><dat> ↔ كىتابقا |
| accusative | -ni | كۈن<n><acc> ↔ كۈننى | ھاۋا<n><acc> ↔ ھاۋىنى | چېلەك<n><acc> ↔ چېلەكنى | كىتاب<n><acc> ↔ كىتابنى |
| locative | -DA | كۈن<n><loc> ↔ كۈندە | ھاۋا<n><loc> ↔ ھاۋىدا | چېلەك<n><loc> ↔ چېلەكتە | كىتاب<n><loc> ↔ كىتابتا |
| ablative | -Din | كۈن<n><abl> ↔ كۈندىن | ھاۋا<n><abl> ↔ ھاۋىدىن | چېلەك<n><abl> ↔ چېلەكتىن | كىتاب<n><abl> ↔ كىتابتىن |
| locative-
qualitative |
-Diki | كۈن<n><loc><attr> ↔ كۈندىكى | ھاۋا<n><loc><attr> ↔ ھاۋىدىكى | چېلەك<n><loc><attr> ↔ چېلەكتىكى | كىتاب<n><loc><attr> ↔ كىتابتىكى |
| limitative | غىچە | كۈن<n><lim> ↔ كۈنگىچە | ھاۋا<n><lim> ↔ ھاۋىغىچە | چېلەك<n><lim> ↔ چېلەككىچە | كىتاب<n><lim> ↔ كىتابقىچە |
| similitude | دەك | كۈن<n><sim> ↔ كۈندەك | ھاۋا<n><sim> ↔ ھاۋىدەك | چېلەك<n><sim> ↔ چېلەكتەك | كىتاب<n><sim> ↔ كىتابتەك |
| equivalence | -che/chilik | كۈن<n><equ> ↔ كۈنچىلىك | ھاۋا<n><equ> ↔ ھاۋىچىلىك | چېلەك<n><equ> ↔ چېلەكچىلىك | كىتاب<n><equ> ↔ كىتابچىلىك |
Possessive Suffixes
Uyghur has possessive suffixes that indicate person. Similarly, the first and third person pronouns has one set each, while the second person has three sets that depends on context.
- ئۆي<n><p2><pos><sg> ↔ ئۆيىڭىز
- ئۆي<n><p2><pos><pl> ↔ ئۆيلىرىڭىز
Plurals
Most Uyghur nouns can be pluralized by adding the suffix لار to the end of the word
- ئۆي<n><pl><nom> ↔ ئۆيلار
- سۆز<n><pl><nom> ↔ سۆزلار
- كۆز<n><pl><nom> ↔ كۆزلار
- باغ<n><pl><nom> ↔ باغلار
Adjective
Degree
There are multiple degrees that could be altered depending on the adjective.
- NOTE: Could not find the tag for each of the degrees.
| Name | Affix | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Positive degree | none | كىچىك<adj> ↔ كىچىك (small) |
| Decreasing degree | -rAK | كىچىك<adj><comp> ↔ كىچىكرەك (a bit small) |
| Emphatic degree | first syllable+p- | كىچىك<adj><emp> ↔ كىپكىچىك (extremely small) |
| Endearing degree | -GinA | كىچىك<adj><endr> ↔ كىچىككىنە (delightfully small) |
Reduplication
Reduplication is used to a large number of objects of the same type, or that the adjective refers to actions that has a certain quality described by the adjective and it is repeated many times.
- NOTE: <p> is not present in the apertium's list of symbols
- يېڭى<adj><p><adj> ↔ يېڭى-يېڭى
- يورۇق<adj><p><adj> ↔ يورۇق-يورۇق
Nominalization
Sometimes, the adjective could turns into nouns without any alteration.
- سوغۇق <adj><subt><sg> ↔ سوغۇق
Verbs
Future-Present Tense
This is the tense used to express simple actions taken in the present or future.
- كۆر<v><aor><p1><sg> ↔ كۆرىمەن
- كۆر<v><aor><p1><pl> ↔ كۆرىمىز
- كۆر<v><aor><p2><pol> ↔ كۆرىسىز
- كۆر<v><aor><p2><pl> ↔ كۆرىسىلەر
- كۆر<v><aor><p2><infml> ↔ كۆرىسەن
- كۆر<v><aor><p3> ↔ كۆرىدۇ
Present continuous
The present continuous tense expresses actions that are currently ongoing.
- ئىشلە<v><pres><impf><p1><sg> ↔ ئىشلەۋىتىمەن
- ئىشلە<v><pres><impf><p1><pl> ↔ ئىشلەۋىتىمىز
- ئىشلە<v><pres><impf><p2><sg><pol> ↔ ئىشلەۋىتىسىز
- ئىشلە<v><pres><impf><p3> ↔ ئىشلەۋاتىدۇ
