Difference between revisions of "Nivkh/Grammar"

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(→‎Nominalisation)
(→‎Nominalisation)
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== Nominalisation ==
 
== Nominalisation ==
−
There are four main types of nominalisation
+
There are four main types of nominalisation: predicate-actant <code>nmz.pred</code>, subject <code>nmz.subj</code>, adverbial <code>nmz.adv</code>, locative <code>nmz.loc</code>.
  
 
=== Predicate-actant nominalisation (suffix -дь/-ть) ===
 
=== Predicate-actant nominalisation (suffix -дь/-ть) ===
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*{{morphTest|ӿуӈрыдь{{tag|prn}}+во{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ind}}|ӿуӈрыдьводь}}
 
*{{morphTest|ӿуӈрыдь{{tag|prn}}+во{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ind}}|ӿуӈрыдьводь}}
 
'took a thing like this'
 
'took a thing like this'
−
*{{morphTest|ӿуӈрыдь{{tag|prn}}+во{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|nmz}}|ӿуӈрыдьводь}}
+
*{{morphTest|ӿуӈрыдь{{tag|prn}}+во{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|nmz.pred}}|ӿуӈрыдьводь}}
 
'(the) taking (of) a thing like this'
 
'(the) taking (of) a thing like this'
  
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*{{morphTest|питғы{{tag|n}}+даю{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ind}}|питғыдаюдь}}
 
*{{morphTest|питғы{{tag|n}}+даю{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|ind}}|питғыдаюдь}}
 
'wrote a letter'
 
'wrote a letter'
−
*{{morphTest|питғы{{tag|n}}+даю{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|nmz}}|питғыдаюдь}}
+
*{{morphTest|питғы{{tag|n}}+даю{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|nmz.pred}}|питғыдаюдь}}
 
'(the) writing (of) a letter'
 
'(the) writing (of) a letter'
 +
 +
In direct object position, the subject of the nominalised verb is marked as reflexive.
 +
 +
==== 2) Substitutional ====
 +
*{{morphTest|тьека{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|pl}}|тьекадьғу}}
 +
'are strong'
 +
*{{morphTest|тьека{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|nmz}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nmz.pred}}|тьекадьғу}}
 +
'the strong ones' / 'the ones that are strong'
  
 
2) Subject nominalisation (suffix -к)
 
2) Subject nominalisation (suffix -к)

Revision as of 02:27, 13 February 2019

Word Class

  • Extremely prductive "clitics" that can be attached to various word classes
  • No prepositions and conjunctions and adjectives
  • At least 20 postpositions
  • Highly developed sysytem of converbs (> 20 forms)
  • Qualitative verbs replace adjectives
  • Use nouns attributively


Syntax

  • SOV
  • Attribute precedes nouns

Morphology

  • Verbs not marked for person or number except imperative and some convrbs
  • Almost exclusively suffixing
  • Plural is optional in the indicative verb
  • Two tenses (non-future and future) (-дь indicative -иы future)
  • Causitive verbs marked with suffix (-ку -ху -гу -ғу)
  • Resultative verbs
  • Reflexive pronouns
  • Nouns have 9 cases (nominative is not marked)
    • Agentive
    • dative/additive
    • instrumental
    • locative
    • locative/ablative
    • terminative
    • comparative
    • vocative

Nominal Morphology

case name ~meaning tag possible forms ӄан "dog" ӈа "animal"
nominative subject <nom> — ӄан<n><nom> ↔ ӄан ӈа<n><nom> ↔ ӈа
agentive various subjects (51) <age> аӽ, ӽ ӄан<n><age> ↔ ӈа<n><age> ↔
dative/additive "to, for" <dat> тоӽ, доӽ, роӽ, рӽ ӄан<n><dat> ↔ ӄандоӽ ӈа<n><dat> ↔ ӈароӽ
instrumental "with" <ins> кир, гир, хир, ғир ӄан<n><ins> ↔ ӈа<n><ins> ↔
locative "at, in, on" <loc> уйн, йн, н ӄан<n><loc> ↔ ӄануйн ӈа<n><loc> ↔ ӈауйн
ablative "in, out of, along, since, from" <abl> ух, х ӄан<n><abl> ↔ ӈа<n><abl> ↔
terminative "for, up to, as long as, as far as" <term> т'ыкы, р̌ыкы, т'ӽа, р̌'ӽа, рӷа, тоӻо, роӻо, доӻо ӄан<n><term> ↔ ӈа<n><term> ↔
comparative "than [x], compared to [x]" <comp> ык, к ӄан<n><comp> ↔ ӈа<n><comp> ↔
vocative direct address <voc> а, ː ӄан<n><voc> ↔ ӄана ӈа<n><voc> ↔

Plurals

Plural markers on nouns is the same as on verbs. You add the suffix -ку/-ху/-гу/-ғу. Plural markers are optional on nouns and verbs. Another way to express plurality is by reduplication of an attribute.

Reduplication of noun stem expresses a plural distributive meaning.

Possession

Examples for the noun "knife" заӄо

  • ньи<prn><p1><sg><nom> + заӄо<n> ↔ ньзаӄо
  • ть'и<prn><p2><sg><nom> + заӄо<n> ↔ ть'саӄо
  • иф<prn><p3><sg><nom> + заӄо<n> ↔ изаӄо
  • п'и<prn><ref>+ заӄо<n> ↔ п'саӄо

Verbal Morphology

Examples for the verb "beat" за

  • ньи<prn><p1><sg><nom> + за<v><ind> ↔ ньзадь
  • ть'и<prn><p2><sg><nom> + за<v><ind> ↔ ть'садь
  • иф<prn><p3><sg><nom> + за<v><ind> ↔ задь
  • п'и<prn><ref>+ за<v><ind> ↔ п'садь
  • ньыӈ<prn><p1><pl><excl><nom> + за<v><ind> ↔ ньыӈдядь
  • тьыӈ<prn><p2><pl><nom> + за<v><ind> ↔ тьыӈдядь
  • имӈ<prn><p3><pl><nom> + за<v><ind> ↔ имӈдядь

Alternate forms

Rarely a third person singular object is marked with i- rather than Ø-.

  • за<v><ind><o_p3sg> ↔ изадь

"Postpositions"

Tag: post Postpositions can be divided into two classes: denominal/declinable and deverbal/undeclinable.

Denominal

Tag: den

These postpositions are best interpreted as nouns in an attributive complex (first noun acts as attribute to the "postposition", which is the head noun.).

  • тыф<n> + ми<n> + ама<v><ind> ↔ тывмиамадь

'Looked inside the house'

  • ваӄа<n> + ми<n><loc> ↔ ваӄамин

'Into the box'

  • тыф<n> + ми<n> ↔ тывми

'The inside of the house.'

Deverbal

Tag: dev

Nouns with deverbal postpositions cannot be used in direct object position.

  • иф<prn><p3><sg> + увудоӽ<post> ↔ ювудоӽ

'Instead of him/her'

  • иф<prn><p3><sg> + ордоӽ<post> ↔ ёрдоӽ

'Towards him/her'

Cardinal Numerals

Numerals classify nouns into 27 classes. Numerals 6-9 are the same for all classes.

Some numerals with meaning 'two':

  • мен<num><human> ↔ мен
  • мор<num><animal> ↔ мор
  • меӄр<num><generic> ↔ меӄр
  • мевсӄ<num><pairs> ↔ мевсӄ
  • мим<num><boats> ↔ мим
  • мер<num><bunches.of.dried.fish> ↔ мер
  • мевор<num><long> ↔ мевор
  • мерах<num><thin.and.flat> ↔ мерах
  • мик<num><small.and.round> ↔ мик

Nominalisation

There are four main types of nominalisation: predicate-actant nmz.pred, subject nmz.subj, adverbial nmz.adv, locative nmz.loc.

Predicate-actant nominalisation (suffix -дь/-ть)

1) Action Nominal Construction

Subject Position
  • ӿуӈрыдь<prn>+во<v><tv><ind> ↔ ӿуӈрыдьводь

'took a thing like this'

  • ӿуӈрыдь<prn>+во<v><tv><nmz.pred> ↔ ӿуӈрыдьводь

'(the) taking (of) a thing like this'

Direct Object Position
  • питғы<n>+даю<v><tv><ind> ↔ питғыдаюдь

'wrote a letter'

  • питғы<n>+даю<v><tv><nmz.pred> ↔ питғыдаюдь

'(the) writing (of) a letter'

In direct object position, the subject of the nominalised verb is marked as reflexive.

2) Substitutional

  • тьека<v><iv><ind><pl> ↔ тьекадьғу

'are strong'

  • тьека<v><iv><nmz><pl><nmz.pred> ↔ тьекадьғу

'the strong ones' / 'the ones that are strong'

2) Subject nominalisation (suffix -к)

3) Adverbial nominalisation (zero marking)

4) Locative nominalisation (suffix -ф/-в)

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