Amis/Grammar

Amis Grammar

Forms of a Verb

Applicatives and Moods

Instrumental Applicative

This is used to indicate that there is an instrument or reason for doing something. the instrumental applicative can take three forms (shown in the table). the form with «pi-» can only be read as the instrument interpretation, while the forms with «ka-» can be interpreted as either instrument or reason. The tag for verbs should be <v>, the tag for the instrumental applicative should be <ins1> for instrument only and <ins2> for instrument or goal, the tag for negative should be <neg>.

Instumental Applicative

Instrument	sa-pi-
Instrument or Reason	sa-ka-	sa-ka...-um-

• adup<v><ins1> ↔ sapiadup
• sanga<v><uv><ins1> ↔ masapisanga
• palu<v><ins1> ↔ sapipalu
• tukas<v><neg><ins1> ↔ kasapitukas
• fanaʼ<v><ins2> ↔ sakafanaʼ
• fanaʼ<v><ins1> ↔ sapifanaʼ

Nouns\cases

Locative Applicative

The locative applicative is used to indicate that there is an undergoer, goal, or location of doing something. The forms of the locative applicative «-an» are shown in the table below with the corresponding affixes. The tag for the locative applicative should be <loc>.

Locative Applicative Markers and Co-occuring Affixes

Goal	mi-...-an
Patient	mi-...-an	-um-...-an	ka-...-an
Location	pi-...-an	ka-...-um-...-an	ka-...-an

• ulah<pat><v><loc> ↔ kaulahan
• diput<loc><v><loc> ↔ pidiputan
• adup<loc><v><loc> ↔ piadupan
• adup<pat><v><loc> ↔ miadupan
• repel<pat><v><loc> ↔ mirepelan
• cikay<pat><v><loc> ↔ micikayan

You need to include the other tags that are involved in these forms. -JNW

Factual Mood

The factual mood, marked with the suffix «-ay», indicates factuality. the tag <fact> is for the factual mood. The tag <adj> is for adjectives. The tag The tag <numb> is for numerals and the tag <pln> is for the numeral modifier. <uv> undergoer voice, <av> actor voice.

• kalat<v><av><fact> ↔ mikalatay
• palu<v><uv><fact> ↔ mapaluay
• kuhting<adj><fact> ↔ kuhtingay
• tataʼak<adj><fact> ↔ tataʼakay
• tusa<numb><pln><fact> ↔ tatusaay

Clause Structures

Sentence Structure

• Amis is a predicate-initial language.

Nouns

Case Markings

Case Makers and Noun Classifiers

Nouns\Cases		Nominative	Genitive	Dative
Common		k-u	n-u	t-u
Personal Proper	Singular	_-ci	n-i	ci...-an
	Plural	_-...-ca	na	ci...-an

Pronouns

Tags: Pronoun: <prn> Personal: <pers> Singular: <sg> Plural: <pl> Person: <p1>, <p2>, <p3> Inclusive: <incl> Exclusive: <excl> Nominative: <nom> Genitive: <gen> Dative: <dat> Possessive: <pos>

Personal Pronouns and Posessive Pronominal Nouns

Number	Person		Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Possessive Pronominal Noun
Singular	1st		kaku	aku	takuwanan	maku
	2nd		kisu	isu	tisuwanan	misu
	3rd		cingra	nira	cingranan	nira
Plural	1st	Inclusive	kita	ita	kitanan	mita
		Exclusive	kami	niyam	kamiyanan	niyam
	2nd		kamu	namu	tamuanan	namu
	3rd		cangra	nangra	cangraan	nangra

• aku<prn><pers><sg><p1><nom> ↔ kaku
• aku<prn><pers><sg><p1><gen> ↔ aku
• aku<prn><pers><sg><p1><dat> ↔ takuwanan
• aku<prn><pers><sg><p1><pos> ↔ maku
• isu<prn><pers><sg><p2><nom> ↔ kisu
• isu<prn><pers><sg><p2><gen> ↔ isu
• isu<prn><pers><sg><p2><dat> ↔ tisuwanan
• isu<prn><pers><sg><p2><pos> ↔ misu
• ingra<prn><pers><sg><p3><nom> ↔ cingra
• ingra<prn><pers><sg><p3><gen> ↔ nira
• ingra<prn><pers><sg><p3><dat> ↔ cingranan
• ingra<prn><pers><sg><p3><pos> ↔ nira
• ita<prn><pers><pl><p1><incl><nom> ↔ kita
• ita<prn><pers><pl><p1><incl><gen> ↔ ita
• ita<prn><pers><pl><p1><incl><dat> ↔ kitanan
• ita<prn><pers><pl><p1><incl><pos> ↔ mita
• ami<prn><pers><pl><p1><excl><nom> ↔ kami
• ami<prn><pers><pl><p1><excl><gen> ↔ niyam
• ami<prn><pers><pl><p1><excl><dat> ↔ kamiyanan
• ami<prn><pers><pl><p1><excl><pos> ↔ niyam
• amu<prn><pers><pl><p2><nom> ↔ kamu
• amu<prn><pers><pl><p2><gen> ↔ namu
• amu<prn><pers><pl><p2><dat> ↔ tamuanan
• amu<prn><pers><pl><p2><pos> ↔ namu
• angra<prn><pers><pl><p3><nom> ↔ cangra
• angra<prn><pers><pl><p3><gen> ↔ nangra
• angra<prn><pers><pl><p3><dat> ↔ cangraan
• angra<prn><pers><pl><p3><pos> ↔ nangra

You need about 5 more grammar points. -JNW