Sardinian and English

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Resources for Machine Translation from Sardinian to English

Developed Resources

srd → eng evaluation

  • coverage of monolingual Sardinian transducer on srd.sentences.txt:
 Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 260
 Coverage: 91.92%
  • coverage of bilingual transducer on srd.sentences 
 Number of tokenised words in the corpus: 265
 Coverage: 65.28%

10 sentences glosses and outputs

  • Note: These are outputs at end of lexical transfer before lexical selection
Sardinian sentence intended English translation output of srd-eng-biltrans (lexical transfer) mode output of srd-eng (full translation) mode
1) Su sardu est una limba antica. Sardinian is an ancient language. ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^sardu<n><m><sg>/Sardinian<n><sg>$ ^èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg>/be<vbser><pri><p3><sg>$ ^unu<det><ind><f><sg>/a<det><ind><f><sg>$ ^limba<n><f><sg>/language<n><sg>$ ^anticu<adj><f><sg>/ancient<adj><f><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ #The Sardinian #be #a language #ancient
2) Pro bider s'artìculu sighire custu culligamentu. To read the article click on this link. ^Pro<pr>/For<pr>/To<pr>$ ^bider<vblex><inf>/read<vblex><inf>$ ^su<det><def><mf><sg>/the<det><def><mf><sg>$ ^artìculu<n><m><sg>/article<n><sg>$ ^sighire<vblex><inf>/click<vblex><inf>$ ^custu<det><dem><m><sg>/this<det><m><sg>$ ^culligamentu<n><m><sg>/link<n><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$<m><sg>$ ^culligamentu<n><m><sg>/link<n><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ For read #the article click #this link.
3) Su trenu sinke fit andande. The train was leaving. ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^sinke<cnjadv>/$ ^èssere<vbser><pii><p3><sg>/be<vbser><pii><p3><sg>$ ^andare<vblex><ger>/leave<vblex><ger>/go<vblex><ger>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ #The train #be leaving.
4) Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke. The train will arrive at ten. ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^àere<vbhaver><pri><p3><sg>/have<vbhaver><pri><p3><sg>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/on<pr>/to<pr>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/on<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^deke<num><mf><sp>/ten<num><mf><sp>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ #The train #have at arrive at #the #ten.
5) Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke. The train should arrive at ten. ^Su<det><def><m><sg>/The<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^dèvere<vblex><pri><p3><sg>/shall<vbmod><pri><p3><sg>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/on<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^deke<num><mf><sp>/ten<num><mf><sp>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ #The train #shall arrive at #the #ten.
6) T'appo natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas deke. I told you that the train would arrive at ten. ^Ti<prn><pro><p2><mf><sg>/You<prn><pro><p2><mf><sg>$ ^àere<vbhaver><pri><p1><sg>/have<vbhaver><pri><p1><sg>$ ^nàrrere<vblex><pp><m><sg>/tell<vblex><pp><m><sg>$ ^chi<cnjsub>/that<cnjsub>$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^dèvere<vblex><pii><p3><sg>/shall<vbmod><pii><p3><sg>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/on<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^deke<num><mf><sp>/ten<num><mf><sp>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ #You #have #tell that #the train #shall arrive at #the #ten.
7) No'isco si at a pròere cras. I do not know if it will rain tomorrow. ^No<adv>/Not<adv>$'^iscoare<vblex><pri><p1><sg>/know<vblex><pri><p1><sg>$ ^si<cnjsub>/if<cnjsub>$ ^àere<vbhaver><pri><p3><sg>/have<vbhaver><pri><p3><sg>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/on<pr>/to<pr>$ ^pròere<vblex><inf>/rain<vblex><inf>$ ^cras<adv>/tomorrow<adv>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ Not'#know if #have at rain tomorrow
8) Una de sas berbekes est maláida. One of the sheep is sick. ^Unu<num><f><sp>/One<num><f><sp>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^berbeke<n><f><pl>/sheep<n><pl>$ ^èssere<vbser><pri><p3><sg>/be<vbser><pri><p3><sg>$ ^malàidu<adj><f><sg>/sick<adj><f><sg>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ #One to #the sheep #be #sick
9) Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos. I have lost two of my books. ^Àere<vbhaver><pri><p1><sg>/Have<vbhaver><pri><p1><sg>$ ^pèrdere<vblex><pp><m><sg>/lose<vblex><pp><m><sg>$ ^duos<num><m><sp>/two<num><m><sp>$ ^de<pr>/to<pr>/of<pr>$ ^su<det><def><m><pl>/the<det><def><m><pl>$ ^libru<n><m><pl>/book<n><pl>$ ^meu<prn><pos><m><pl>/my<prn><pos><m><pl>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ #Have #lose #two to #the books #my
10) M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove. They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine. ^Mi<prn><pro><p1><mf><sg>/I<prn><pro><p1><mf><sg>$ ^àere<vbhaver><pri><p3><pl>/have<vbhaver><pri><p3><pl>$ ^nàrrere<vblex><pp><m><sg>/tell<vblex><pp><m><sg>$ ^chi<cnjsub>/that<cnjsub>$ ^su<det><def><m><sg>/the<det><def><m><sg>$ ^trenu<n><m><sg>/train<n><sg>$ ^dèvere<vblex><pii><p3><sg>/shall<vbmod><pii><p3><sg>$ ^arrivare<vblex><inf>/arrive<vblex><inf>$ ^a<pr>/at<pr>/on<pr>/to<pr>$ ^su<det><def><f><pl>/the<det><def><f><pl>$ ^nove<num><mf><sp>/nine<num><mf><sp>$^.<sent>/.<sent>$ #I #have #tell that #the train #shall arrive at #the #nine

expanding lexicon

medas many <adj>
piseddas girls <n><pl>
sun they are <v>
bennidas to come (home) <v><pp><fpl>
balladu to dance <v><pp>
cantaiat to sing <v><sg3>
sos/sa the <det>
piattos plates <n><pl>
mesa table <n><sg>
bi/b' N/A <cl>
problemas problems <n><pl>
unu one/a <adj>/<det>
ube where <adv>
mortu dead <v><pp>
sordatos soldiers <n><pl>
tenimus we have <v><pl1>
frores flowers <n><pl>
keret to be necessary <v><sg3>
mancat to be missing <v><sg3>
ovos eggs <n><pl>
danca meadow <n>
ortu orchard <n>
frade brother <n>
fizza daughter <n>
re king <n>
ora hour <n>
subra above/on <prep>
a to/at <prep>
cumintzos origins <n><pl>
e and <conj>
andamentu evolution <n>
istòricu historical <adj>
de of/to <prep>
sa the <det>
poesia poetry <n>
a bolu improvised <adj> (a bolu = improvised, on the fly)
in in <prep>
sardu Sardinian <n>
logudoresu Logudorese <adj>
non not <adv>
ischit known <v><pp>
meda much <adv>
custu this <det><prox>
artìculu article <n>
chircat tries <v><sg3>
bogare to bring out <v>
pizu surface <n> (bogare a pizu = to shed light on, to bring to the surface; see complicated translations of bogare: here)
ammentos memories <n><pl>
ammentu memory <n>
ammentare to remember <v>
documentados documented <adj>
si [null] <> -- reflexive
primas first <adj>
disputas competitions <n><pl>
primas first <adj>
tra between <prep>
poetes poets <n><pl>
cale which <prn><rel>
esserent were <v> past imperfect 3rd person plural
règulas rules, modalities <n><pl>
su the <det>
cunfruntu confrontation <n>
sende being <v><ger>
una a/one <art>/<adj>
chirca research <n>
andera ongoing/progressive <adj>
testu text <n>
diat [null] <subj><sg3>
poder to be able to <v><inf>
aer to have <v><inf> (also hàere or àere)
mudonzos modifications <n><pl>
mudonzos modifications <n><pl>
novas new <adj><pl>
noas data <n><pl>
Pro to <prep> <-- keep this in mind for lexical selection (to)
bider to read <v><inf>
artìculu article <n>
sighire click on <v><inf>
intrare enter <v><inf>
desizadu desired <adj>
trenu train <n>
sinke [null] <foc>
fit was <v>

<imp><sg3>

andande leaving <v><ger>
at it will <>
sas the <det>
deke ten <n>
devet should <adv>
deke ten <adj>
appo I have <v><sg1>
natu told <v><pp>
próere to rain <v><inf>
arrivare to arrive <v><inf>
isco I know <v><sg1>
si if <conj>
ki that <conj>
cras tomorrow <adv>
meos my <pos>
andatos gone <adj><pl>

glosses

Cando so arrivatu a s'istazione, su trenu sink'andaiat

'when I arrived at the station, the train was leaving'


Su trenu sinke fit andande

'The train was leaving"


Su trenu at a arrivare a sas deke

'The train will arrive at ten o'clock'


Su trenu devet arrivare a sas deke

'The train is supposed to arrive at ten o'clock'


T'appo natu ki su trenu diat arrivare a sas deke

'I told you that the train would arrive at ten o'clock'


M'an natu ki su trenu devíat arrivare a sas nove

'They told me that the train was supposed to arrive at nine'


At a próere cras

'It will rain tomorrow'


Devet próere cras

'it is supposed to rain tomorrow'


At a próere cras? Si emmo abbarramus in domo, ma su nono andamus a mare

'Will it rain tomorrow? If so we shall stay at homr, buy if not we will go to the sea'


No'isco si at a próere cras

'I do to know whether it will rain tomorrow'


Una de sas berbekes est maláida

'one of the sheep is sick'


Appo pèrditu duos de sos libros meos

'I have lost two of my books'


Metas de custas pitzinnas sun galanas

'Many of these girls are pretty'


Una pitzinna meta bella

'a very beautiful girl'


Cussas duas bravas pitzinnas

'those two good girls'


unu better cane bellu

'a huge beautiful dog'


un'átteru bette cane

'another huge dog'


Sun andatos a Frantza

'they went to France'


Est ghiratu dae Corsica

'He returned from Corsica'


Connnosco bene sa Frantza

"i know France well'


Custu libru est iscrittu in tedescu

'This book is written in German'


Cussus paráula venit dae su catalanu

'This word comes from Catalan'


Su sardu est una limba antica

'Sardinian is an ancient language'


Appo mandicatu casu

'I ate cheese'


Laura est toddende frores

'Laura is picking flowers'


De frores non nd'appo tódditu

'I did not pick any flowers'


No'amus comporatu pane

'We did not buy bread'


Mandico sa pasta kin casu

'I ate pasta with cheese'


Tres sórrikes an mandicatu tottu su casu

'Three mice at all the cheese'


semus ponnende vinu in ampullas

'We are putting wine in bottles'


lettu meu esr

'It is my bed'


No'appo lessu libru perunu

'i did not read any book'


Sos k'an furatu si dinari at a èssere punitos

'The people who stole the money will be punished'


Appo invitat sos de Juanne

'I invited Jon's family'


Cussa pinna est sa mea

'That pen is mine'


Cudda mákkina est sa de Juanne

'That car is John's'


Custa ricca at datu mili francos a su vetzu

'This rich woman gave a thousand lira to the old man'


Su guvernu devíat dare ua pensione a dondzi vetzu

'The government should give a pension to every old person'

Notes for improvement

  • "At" is the third person singular present conjugation of aer, to have.
  • It can function as an auxiliary verb when paired with a past participle and thus should be translated as "has" in those cases (e.g. "John has left.").
  • When preceding "a" (i.e. "at a [infinitive verb]") it signals future tense: an event will happen, has yet to occur, so it would translate as "has" or "will."
  • Another possibility for lexical selection is pro/a/de all translating to "to."
  • Make sure "una" in example sentence translates to "a" in English without the hashtag, i.e. get rid of the feminine tag that maps over from the "una" analysis to the English "a" which does not have the feminine tag.
  • Disambiguate analyses of "deke" (ten): is it noun or adjective? (I guess this might just be morphological disambiguation and not lexical selection)
  • Fix tags for past participle of told/tell

External Resources

Retrieved from "http://wikis.swarthmore.edu/ling073/index.php?title=Sardinian_and_English&oldid=21766"