Mchalfo1/Final Project
My final project for Ling073 is beginning the development of a Paiwan transducer.
Contents
Paiwan
Paiwan is a Formosan language spoken by the Paiwan people of Taiwan. As of a 2008 Unesco survey there were approx. 15,000 speakers of Paiwan.
Paiwan is a predicate-initial, polysynthetic language. There are many affixes, some with multiple forms; pronouns which may be free or bound; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs which may act in similar ways to verbs. Paiwan is written using the latin script.
There are many resources for Paiwan, including linguistic publications, textbooks, dictionaries, and websites, though most are in Chinese (not particularly accessible to me, who cannot speak or really read the language).
Grammar
Sentence Structure
Paiwan is a predicate initial language. The predicate, often but not always a verb, will be the first word in the sentence. The ambiguity this causes for the role of nouns in the sentence is solved by case markers, which mark case as well as plurality.
Verbs
Voice
In Paiwan there are four voices, separated into two categories. The two categories are Active Voice (AV) and Non-Active Voice (NAV), with NAV being further separated into Goal Voice, Instrument Voice, and Locative Voice (not to be confused with the Locative Prefix).
Personal Pronouns
In Paiwan, personal pronouns may be free or bound. these pronouns have number and person, but not gender. The first person pronouns also have separate categories for inclusive and exclusive.
Case Markers
Case markers are words which mark the case of associated words, especially nouns. For predicate-initial languages this is important for clarifying the roles of the predicate's arguments.
Transducer
Total Corpus: TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1459 ^sa/*sa$ 1220 ^aicu/*aicu$ 863 ^ka/*ka$ 762 ^aza/*aza$ 596 ^avan/*avan$ 429 ^kemasi/*kemasi$ 423 ^mavan/*mavan$ 418 ^saka/*saka$ 394 ^uri/*uri$ 393 ^qaw/*qaw$ 376 ^azua/*azua$ 375 ^au/*au$ 329 ^uta/*uta$ 325 ^tucu/*tucu$ 285 ^maqati/*maqati$ 268 ^kai/*kai$ 265 ^masan/*masan$ 265 ^gu/*gu$ 252 ^pakata/*pakata$ 251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$
coverage: 70144 / 128503 (~0.54585496058457779196) remaining unknown forms: 58359 ambiguity: 136891 / 128503 (~1.06527474066753305370) pwn.longcorpus.txt Fri May 5 01:28:21 PM EDT 2023 70144/128503 ~0.54585496058457779196 \| 136891/128503 ~1.06527474066753305370
Wiki: TOP UNKNOWN WORDS:
1429 ^sa/*sa$ 1207 ^aicu/*aicu$ 844 ^ka/*ka$ 762 ^aza/*aza$ 596 ^avan/*avan$ 419 ^kemasi/*kemasi$ 414 ^mavan/*mavan$ 406 ^saka/*saka$ 393 ^qaw/*qaw$ 375 ^au/*au$ 342 ^uri/*uri$ 310 ^uta/*uta$ 308 ^tucu/*tucu$ 274 ^maqati/*maqati$ 266 ^kai/*kai$ 265 ^gu/*gu$ 258 ^masan/*masan$ 252 ^pakata/*pakata$ 251 ^caviljan/*caviljan$ 247 ^sihu/*sihu$
coverage: 66909 / 122380 (~0.54673149207386827913) remaining unknown forms: 55471 ambiguity: 129818 / 122380 (~1.06077790488641934957) pwn.wiki20230501.txt Fri May 5 01:29:23 PM EDT 2023 66909/122380 ~0.54673149207386827913 \| 129818/122380 ~1.06077790488641934957
Genesis Chapters: OP UNKNOWN WORDS:
31 ^uri/*uri$
29 ^sa/*sa$
29 ^azua/*azua$
24 ^sun/*sun$
24 ^marka/*marka$
23 ^anga/*anga$
17 ^su/*su$
16 ^kadunangan/*kadunangan$
14 ^vangal/*vangal$
14 ^sika/*sika$
14 ^qemati/*qemati$
14 ^pai/*pai$
14 ^ku/*ku$
13 ^timadu/*timadu$
13 ^qemuzimuzip/*qemuzimuzip$
13 ^nimadu/*nimadu$
13 ^nanguaq/*nanguaq$
12 ^penulat/*penulat$
12 ^keman/*keman$
12 ^kacauan/*kacauan$
coverage: 1274 / 2441 (~0.52191724702990577632) remaining unknown forms: 1167 ambiguity: 2587 / 2441 (~1.05981155264235968865) pwn.bible Fri May 5 01:30:08 PM EDT 2023 1274/2441 ~0.52191724702990577632 \| 2587/2441 ~1.05981155264235968865
Number of tokens:
- Full: 128648
- wiki: 122527
- Genesis: 2441
- Textbook: 9106
clefairy[ling073-pwn]$ lexd -x apertium-pwn.pwn.lexd > /dev/null Lexicons: 37 Lexicon entries: 370 Patterns: 12 Pattern entries: 24
Counts for individual lexicons: Punctuation: 22 MarkerCase: 3 CaseMarkerRoot: 5 ConjuntionPrefix: 1 PronounCase: 3 PronounRoot: 7 LocativeAffix: 1 AdverbRoot: 2 GenCliticPronoun: 5 VerbPrefix: 4 VerbRoot: 14 VerbSuffix: 2 NomCliticPronoun: 5 Link: 1 NounRoot: 107 ProperNounRoot: 149 BeHaveRoot: 1 NumberRoot: 10 PrepositionRoot: 1 Tens: 1 NumberAnd: 1 SayRoot: 1 Infix: 2 Numeral: 10 All anonymous lexicons: 12
Developed Resources
- Paiwan Transducer: https://github.com/erchalfoun/ling073-pwn
- Spreadsheet of Paiwan words by dialect from Klokah (in progress, very preliminary): https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/16waihA1bvzvOVU87oQg3XJUs-58o1DVCFpZX_W4odGY/edit?usp=sharing
External Resources
Primary Sources, Dictionaries, Textbooks, etc.
- Paiwan Wikipedia: https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sitjumaq_na_sapitj
- Paiwan Textbook Ebooks: https://alilin.cip.gov.tw/tw/ebooks?tag=610&search_type=3&home_cat=0&button=&keyword=&cat=&zone=&city=0&area=
- Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. Paiwan Dictionary. Canberra A.C.T. Australia: Dept. of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University. [1]
- 鄭仲樺, 曹永春編著 鄭仲樺 editor and 曹永春 曹永春. 2019. 排灣語丹路方言分類詞彙手冊 = Binutangluan a Kai : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Butanglu Dialect. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[2]
- 鄭仲樺, 洪阿蘭 et al. 2019. 排灣語筏灣方言分類詞彙手冊 = Pinaiwanan Nua Sepaiwan a Kai a Pinapapangapangaljan a Sunatj : A Handbook of Classified Vocabulary of Paiwan Kapaiwanan Dialect. Chu ban ed. Pingdong Shi: 屏東縣政府.[3]
- Early, Robert, John Whitehorn and Australian National University. 2003. One Hundred Paiwan Texts. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Australian National University.
Linguistics Writings & Publications
- Chang Anna Hsiou-chuan. 2006. “A Reference Grammar of Paiwan.” dissertation.
- Hsieh Fuhui. 2016. “On the Development of the Lexeme Aya in Paiwan.” Oceanic Linguistics 225–45.
- Tsai Wei-Tien Dylan and Chun-Ming Wu. 2012. “Conjunctive Reduction Revisited: Evidence from Mayrinax Atayal and Southern Paiwan.” Oceanic Linguistics 160–81.
- Hsieh Fuhui. 2011. “The Conceptualization of Emotion Events in Three Formosan Languages: Kavalan Paiwan and Saisiyat.” Oceanic Linguistics 65–92.
- Lee Amy Pei-jung. 2011. “Metaphorical Euphemisms of Relationship and Death in Kavalan Paiwan and Seediq.” Oceanic Linguistics 351–79.
- Zeitoun, Elizabeth, Lillian M. Huang, Marie M. Yeh, Anna H. Chang, and Joy J. Wu. 1996. “The Temporal Aspectual and Modal Systems of Some Formosan Languages: A Typological Perspective.” Oceanic Linguistics 21–56.
- http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/26100
- Tryon Darrell T. 2011. Comparative Austronesian Dictionary : An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Retrieved May 6 2023 (https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110884012).
Other
