Huaylas Quechua and Spanish/ContrastiveGrammars

qwh-spa tests

Possession

There are two major differences in indicating possession in Spanish and Quechua. Firstly, pronoun use: Spanish indicates it with a possessive pronoun in front of the word, while Huaylas Quechua uses a possessive pronoun as a suffix attached to the word stem (that complies with other rules). Secondly, if Spanish does not use a pronoun and instead wishes to write out both nouns, “de” is used, with the object being possessed coming first. Meanwhile, Huaylas Quechua writes it in the order of possessor noun followed by possessed noun (e.g. modifier, then modified).

• (qwh) Marcacunapa reynincuna → (spa) Los reyes de estos imperios ("The kings from these empires.")

  (qwh) marcacunapa<n><pl><gen> reyinincuna<n><px3sg><pl><nom> → (spa) el<det><dem><m><p1> rey<n><m><pl> de<pr> este<det><dem><m><pl> imperio<n><m><pl>

• (qwh) Papanincuna → (spa) Sus padres ("Their parents")

  (qwh) papanincuna<n><px3sg><pl><nom> → (spa) suyo<det><pos><mf><pl> padre<n><m><pl>

Auxiliary "Ser"

Space to talk about things!

clean this up, including the morphtest with issues - JNW

• (qwh) Wiyash kanki → (spa) Has oído ("You have heard.")

  (qwh) wiya<v><sg><perf><p2> ka<v><sg><p2> → (spa) haber<vhaver><pri><p2><sg> oír<vblex><pp><m><sg>

• (qwh) Wiyayaanaq kanki → (spa) Ustedes habían oído ("You all have heard.")

  (qwh) wiya<v><pl><pres><p1><indireact_evid> ka<v><sg><p2> → (spa) usted<prn><tn><p3><mf><pl> haber<vbhaver><pii><p3><pl> oír<vblex><pp><m><sg>

Subordinate Clauses

There are three possible subordinate clause markers in Huaylas Quechua: -pti, -r, and -shpa. The first two are most commonly used in the Ancash region, with the last one only being used in two specific locations. There is a distinction between the contexts of where you'd use -pti and -r. One would use -pti when the subject of the subordinate clause doesn’t match the subject of the principal sentence. Conversely, one would use -r when the subject of the subordinate clause does match that of the principal sentence. All of these markers attach to the verb of the clause. LOOK AT PH 160

And what does this translate to Spanish as? Also, finish making these into morphTests. -JNW

• (qwh) Qamta chikishunki uushanta suwaptiki, noqata chikiman wawanta kuyaptii → (spa) A ti te odia porque has robado sus ovejas, a mi me odio porque quiero a su hija ("They hate you because you stole their sheep, they hate me because I love their daughter.")

  (qwh) je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> le<prn><pers><p3><m><acc> manger<v><tv><fut><p1><sg> → (spa) yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc> comer<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>

• (qwh) Anyarta pallaraykaptinshi, yana puma yuririn → (spa) Cuando estaba recogiendo pitahaya, aparacio un puma negro ("I'll eat it.")

  (qwh) je<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> le<prn><pers><p3><m><acc> manger<v><tv><fut><p1><sg> → (spa) yo<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom> lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc> comer<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>

Evidentiality marker: -shI

Huaylas Quechua has a marker -shI which translates to “said.” According to Parker, it is used "when the speaker gives information that does not come from their own experience" . In Spanish, there are no inflection patterns to denote second-hand information (like English, this information would be conveyed by words such as "said" or "according to"), so this another notable difference between Huaylas Quechua and Spanish.

• (qwh) Peru papanincuna musyayraanaqshi → (spa) Pero sus padres se enteraron ("But their parents found out")

  (qwh) peru<conj> papa<n><px3pl><pl> musya<v><><fut><p1><sg> → (spa) pero<cnjcoo> suyo<det><pos><mf><pl> padre<n><m><pl> se<prn><pro><ref><p3><sp> enterar<vblex><ifi><p3><pl>

Word Order

Word order in Huaylas Quechua is different than that of Spanish. Spanish is a SVO language, while Huaylas Quechua is a SOV language.

• (qwh) Tsayshi bruja aywarakaptinqa, kordelqa rachikurinaq. → (spa) Entonces mientras la bruja se iba, el cordel se rompió. ("Then while the witch was leaving, the cord snapped.")

  (qwh) Tsayshi<det><evid>bruja<n><sg><nom>aywarakaptinqa<prn> kordelqa<n><sg>rachikurinaq<vblex><pret><p3><sg> → (spa) Entonces<adv>mientras<adv>la/el<det><f><sg>bruja<n><f><sg>se<prn><pro><ref><p3><mf><sp>ir<vblex><pii><p3><sg>el<det><def><m><sg>cordel<n><m><sg>se<prn><pro><ref><p3><mf><sp>romper<vblex><ifi><p3><sg>

• (qwh) Tsë weqincunanash ëwanqan mas rajuman ticracurëcanaq. → (spa) Sus amargas lágrimas se convirtieron en hielo. ("Their bitter tears turned into ice.")

  (qwh) Tsë<det>weqincunanash<n><px3sg><pl><sh>ëwanqan<prn><pers><p3><m><acc>mas<v><tv>rajuman<n><sg><all>ticracurëcanaq<vblex><p1><sg> → (spa) sus<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom> lo<prn><pers><p3><m><acc> comer<v><tv><fut><p1><sg>

Parker, Gary John. Gramática Quechua (Ancash-Huailas) / Gary J. Parker Ministerio de Educacion Lima, Peru 1976