Rungus/Grammar
Contents
Parts of Speech
Inflectional Morphology
Reduplication
Transitive Prefixes
In Rungus, transitive verbs are those that can take an object. They are conjugated with a prefix (denoting aspect), and the appropriate personal pronoun is attached to the end (denoting the subject). The prefixes themselves are determined by phonological stipulations of the stem.
Verbs in Rungus should be tagged <v>, and transitive verbs can be subcategorized as <tv>. One of the aspects is the imperfective <impf>. The person tags needed in Rungus are <p1>, <p2>, and <p3>, and the number tags needed are <sg> and <pl>.
Prefixation on Stem Initial Voiceless Cs and /b/
- panau<v><tv><impf><p1><sg> ↔ mamanau oku
Prefixation on Stem Initial Voiced Cs and /ʔ/, excluding /b/
Plurals
Demonstrative Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Articles
There are six articles in Rungus:
- i<det><dem> ↔ i
- o<det><dem> ↔ o
- it<det><dem><def><nom> ↔ it
- ot<det><dem><ind><nom> ↔ ot
- dit<det><dem><def><acc> ↔ dit
- dot<det><dem><ind><acc> ↔ dot
The two determiners i and o appear respectively before proper names and vocative terms. Additionally, the -t may be optionally deleted from the other articles, especially before consonants.
Enclitics
Perfective
Enclitics of realisation -no = already
- limo<n><perf> ↔ limono ('already five')
- imot<v><perf><p1><sg> ↔ nemotkuno ('already seen by me')
- pongo<v><perf> ↔ nopongono ('always finished')
Imperfective
Enclitics of expectation -po = still more, yet
- limo<n><imperf> ↔ limopo ('five more')
- imot<v><imperf> ↔ imatai ('seen first')
- pongo<v><imperf><neg> ↔ amupo opongo ('not yet finished')
Progressive
Enclitics of continuation -nopo = already started, not yet completed, always
- limo<n><> ↔ limonopo ('always five')
