Bikol/Universal Dependencies

This page documents Bikol Universal Dependencies.

Dependency relations

The following five sections illustrate examples of 5 dependency relations used frequently in Bikol.

advcl

According to the Universal Dependencies documentation, an adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate as a modifier and not as a core complement. In my corpora, this relation came up in if statements.

"<Kon>"
	"kon" cnjsub @advmod #1->2
"<makuá>"
	"kuá" vblex inf @advcl #2->5
"<mo>"
	"mo" prn p2 sg @nsubj #3->2
"<,>"
	"," cm @punct #4->5
"<itaó>"
	"taó" vblex inf @root #5->0
"<mo>"
	"mo" prn p2 sg @nsubj #6->5
"<saná>"
	"saná" adv @advmod #7->5
"<sakó>"
	"sakó" prn p1 sg @iobj #8->5
"<.>"
	"." sent @punct #9->5

• This sentence translates it to "If you find it, just give it to me." The first clause, "If you find it", is an adverbial clause modifier which modifies "just give it to me". Thus, the root of the adverbial clause modifier, makuá, has an advcl dependency on the root of the independent clause that it modifies, itaó.

"<Kon>"
        "Kon" cnjsub @advmod #1->2
"<maglúto>"
        "lúto" vblex inf @advcl #2->7
"<kan>"
        "kan" prn p2 sg @nsubj #3->2
"<nin>"
        "nin" link @clf #4->5
"<jéllo>"
        "jéllo" n @obj #5->2
"<,>"
        "," cm @punct #6->7
"<magkuá>"
        "kuá" vblex inf @root #7->0
"<kan>"
        "kan" prn p2 sg @nsubj #8->7
"<nin>"
        "nin" link @clf #9->10
"<pláto>"
        "pláto" n @obj #10->7
"<sagkód>"
        "sagkód" adj sg @cc #11->12  ! and
"<kutsára>"
        "kutsára" n @conj #12->10
"<.>"
        "." sent @punct #13->2

• This sentence essentially has the same structure as the previous example. The root of the adverbial clause modifier, maglúto, has an advcl dependency on magkuá, the root of the independent clause.

obl

The obl (oblique) relation is used for a nominal that serves as a non-core argument or adjunct. In Bikol, this typically means that it functions as an adverbial attached to a predicate.

"<Hanápon>"
        "hánap" vblex inf @root #1->0
"<mo>"
        "mo" prn p2 sg @nsubj #2->1
"<siyá>"
        "siyá" prn p3 sg @obj #3->1
"<sa>"
        "sa" pr @case #4->5
"<cafeteria>"
        "cafeteria" n @obl #5->1
"<.>"
        "." sent @punct #6->1

• In this sentence, meaning "Look for him/her in the cafeteria", cafeteria is a nominal serving as a non-core argument and modifying the verb, hanápon (to look). Therefore cafeteria has an obl relation to hanápon.

"<Sublión>"
        "sublí" vblex inf @root #1->0
"<mo>"
        "mo" prn p2 sg @nsubj #2->1
"<si>"
        "si" det def @det #3->4
"<bóla>"
        "bóla" n @obj #4->1
"<ki>"
        "ki" pr @case #5->6
"<Jacób>"
        "Jacób" cog @obl #6->1
"<.>"
        "." sent @punct #7->1

• This sentence behaves similarly as the previous example, except now the nominal in the oblique relation is a proper name (Jacób). It means "Borrow the ball from Jacob".

amod

The amod relation refers to adjectival modifier, which simply modifies the meaning of a noun.

"<Nagdumán>"
        "dumán" vblex past @root #1->0
"<akó>"
        "akó" prn p1 sg @nsubj #2->1
"<sa>"
        "sa" det def @det #3->4
"<haróng>"
        "haróng" n @obj #4->1
"<na>"
        "na" link @clf #5->6
"<dakúla>"
        "dakúla" adj sg @amod #6->4
"<.>"
        "." sent @punct #7->1

• Translating to "I left the big house", this sentence demonstrates the most common structure of adjectival modifiers in Bikol, where the noun is followed by a linking word and the adjective. Dakúla (big), has an amod relation to the noun haróng (house).

"<Ipaháli>"
        "háli" vblex inf @root #1->0
"<mo>"
        "mo" prn p2 sg @nsubj #2->1
"<an>"
        "an" det ind @det #3->4
"<pósters>"
        "pósters" n @obj #4->1
"<na>"
        "na" link @clf #5->6
"<nakadukót>"
        "dukót" adj sg @amod #6->4
"<sa>"
        "sa" pr @case #7->8
"<tuláy>"
        "tuláy" n @obl #8->1
"<..>"
        ".." sent @punct #9->1

• Although syntactically this sentence is very similar to the previous example, with a noun followed by a linking word and an adjective, this demonstrates a different kind of adjectival modifier. The adjective "nakadukót" is derived from the verb stem "dukót", meaning to glue or attach. The "naka" prefix changes the word into an adjective, meaning attached or stuck on. The sentence translates to, "Remove the poster attached to the bridge."

obj

The object relation relates a verb and its object. Bikol is a VSO language, so the object of the verb is usually found after the subject, like in the following two examples.

"<Iinulí>"
	"ulí" vblex pres @root #1->0
"<ko>"
	"ko" prn p1 sg @nsubj #2->1
"<an>"
	"an" det ind @det #3->4
"<libró>"
	"libró" n @obj #4->1
"<.>"
	"." sent @punct #5->1

• In this sentence, which translates to "I return a book", libró is the object and depends on the verb, iinulí.

"<Ipaháli>"
	"háli" vblex inf @root #1->0
"<mo>"
	"mo" prn p2 sg @nsubj #2->1
"<an>"
	"an" det ind @det #3->4
"<pósters>"
	"pósters" n @obj #4->1
"<na>"
	"na" link @clf #5->6
"<nakadukót>"
	"dukót" adj sg @amod #6->4
"<sa>"
	"sa" pr @case #7->8
"<tuláy>"
	"tuláy" n @obl #8->1
"<..>"
	".." sent @punct #9->1

• Similarly, pósters is the object of this sentence and depends on the verb, ipaháli.

advmod

An adverbial modifier of a word is an adverb or adverbial phrase that modifies a predicate or modifier word.

"<Patosón>"
	"patós" vblex inf @root #1->0
"<mo>"
	"mo" prn p2 sg @nsubj #2->1
"<an>"
	"an" det ind @det #3->4
"<pansít>"
	"pansít" n @obj #4->1
"<,>"
	"," cm @punct #5->6
"<tápos>"
	"tápos" cnjadv @conj #6->1
"<,>"
	"," cm @punct #7->8
"<darahón>"
	"dará" vblex inf @conj #8->1
"<mo>"
	"mo" prn p2 sg @nsubj #9->8
"<digdí>"
	"digdí" adv @advmod #10->8
"<.>"
	"." sent @punct #11->1

• In this sentence, digdí (or here) is the adverbial modifier that modifies the verb darahón (the command form of 'bring').

"<Tápos>"
	"tápos" adj sg @root #1->0
"<na>"
	"na" adv @advmod #2->1
"<an>"
	"an" det ind @det #3->4
"<prográma>"
	"prográma" n @nsubj #4->1
"<sa>"
	"sa" pr @case #5->6
"<gym>"
	"gym" n @nmod #6->4
"<?>"
	"?" sent @punct #7->1

• This sentence translates to "Is the program in the gym already done?" The predicate is an implied "is", so the root the adjective, tápos (done). The adverbial modifier na (already) describes this adjective.