Eastern Burushaski/Language

Detail 1

cat<n><sg> ↔ cats

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronoun	human (m or f)	non-human concrete	non-human abstract/amorphous
this	kʰine<prn><dem><prx><sg><mf> ↔ kʰine	guse<prn><dem><sg><clx> ↔ guse	gut̯e <prn><dem><sg><cly> ↔ gut̯e
that	ine<prn><dem><dst><sg><mf> ↔ ine	ise<prn><dem><dst><sg><clx> ↔ ise	it̯e<prn><dem><dst><sg><cly> ↔ it̯e
these	kʰuwe <prn><dem><prx><pl><mf> ↔ kʰuwe	guce<prn><dem><prx><pl><clx> ↔ guce	guke <prn><dem><prx><pl><cly> ↔ guke
those	uwe <prn><dem><dst><pl><mf> ↔ uwe	ice<prn><dem><dst><pl><clx> ↔ ice	ike<prn><dem><dst><pl><cly> ↔ ike

note: <mf> is used for the class of nouns that are human, and can be either male or female, while <clx> is used for non-human concrete and <cly> is used for the non-human abstract/amorphous noun class.

"To be" copula forms

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Present Tense				Past Tense
Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
b<cop><pres><p1><sg> ↔ baa	ap<cop><pres><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apaa	b<cop><pres><p1><pl> ↔ baan	ap<cop><pres><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apaan	b<cop><past><p1><sg> ↔ bayam	ap<cop><past><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apayam	b<cop><past><p1><pl> ↔ bam	ap<cop><past><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apam
b<cop><pres><p2><sg> ↔ baa	ap<cop><pres><p2><sg><neg> ↔ apaa	b<cop><pres><p2><pl> ↔ baan	ap<cop><pres><p2><pl><neg> ↔ apaan	b<cop><past><p2><sg> ↔ bam	ap<cop><past><p2><sg><neg> ↔ apam	b<cop><past><p2><pl> ↔ bam	ap<cop><past><p2><pl><neg> ↔ apam
b<cop><pres><p3><sg><m> ↔ bai	ap<cop><pres><p3><sg><m><neg> ↔ apai	b<cop><pres><p3><pl><m> ↔ baan	ap<cop><pres><p3><pl><m><neg> ↔ apaan	b<cop><past><p3><sg><m> ↔ bam	ap<cop><past><p1><sg><m><neg> ↔ apam	b<cop><past><p1><pl><m> ↔ bam	ap<cop><past><p3><pl><m><neg> ↔ apam
b<cop><pres><p1><sg> ↔ baa	ap<cop><pres><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apaa	b<cop><pres><p1><pl> ↔ baan	ap<cop><pres><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apaan	b<cop><past><p1><sg> ↔ bayam	ap<cop><past><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apayam	b<cop><past><p1><pl> ↔ bam	ap<cop><past><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apam
b<cop><pres><p1><sg> ↔ baa	ap<cop><pres><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apaa	b<cop><pres><p1><pl> ↔ baan	ap<cop><pres><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apaan	b<cop><past><p1><sg> ↔ bayam	ap<cop><past><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apayam	b<cop><past><p1><pl> ↔ bam	ap<cop><past><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apam
b<cop><pres><p1><sg> ↔ baa	ap<cop><pres><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apaa	b<cop><pres><p1><pl> ↔ baan	ap<cop><pres><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apaan	b<cop><past><p1><sg> ↔ bayam	ap<cop><past><p1><sg><neg> ↔ apayam	b<cop><past><p1><pl> ↔ bam	ap<cop><past><p1><pl><neg> ↔ apam

Write summary of formation rules

Obligatory possession

Some nouns in Burushaski always appear with possessive markers. Yoshioka (36) cites Berger (1998a: 44), who says that there are about "150 substantives" in this class. (Yoshioka goes on to give examples that include nouns and prepositions, and it is not clear whether they count as "substantives.") Paradigms of possessed nouns are drawn from Munshi (in progress), because Yoshioka doesn't cite full forms.

Words fall into (at least) two paradigms of prefixes, apparently without semantic or phonological rationale. Yoshioka also identifies a third type of possessed nouns, which they claim only includes 5 nouns, whose prefixes they list are mostly long-vowel versions of the Type-II prefixes. Yoshioka also lists possessive endings for X and Y class words, which Munshi does not cite forms for.

Pronominal prefixes of inherently possessed nouns	Type-I (e.g. -šak 'arm')		Type-II (e.g. -ċo 'same-gender sibling')
	SG	PL	SG	PL
1st	šak<n><typ1><px1sg> ↔ ašak	šak<n><typ1><px1pl> ↔ mišak	ċo<n><typ1><px1sg> ↔ aċo	ċo<n><typ1><px1pl> ↔ meċo
2nd	šak<n><typ1><px2sg> ↔ gušak	šak<n><typ1><px2pl> ↔ mašak	ċo<n><typ1><px2sg> ↔ goċo	ċo<n><typ1><px2pl> ↔ maċo
3rd (male)	šak<n><typ1><px3sgm> ↔ išak	šak<n><typ1><px3pl> ↔ ušak	ċo<n><typ1><px3sgm> ↔ eċo	xakin<n><typ1><px3pl> ↔ oċo
3rd (female)	šak<n><typ1><px3sgm> ↔ mušak		ċo<n><typ1><px3sgm> ↔ moċo