Difference between revisions of "Berik/Grammar"
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* Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-'''na'''» | * Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-'''na'''» | ||
** {{morphTest|bangge{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}}|bangge'''na'''}} | ** {{morphTest|bangge{{tag|n}}{{tag|subj}}|bangge'''na'''}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Locational suffixes « -ap » "towards" and « -wer » "away from" occur on nouns. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ** {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|jin'''ap'''}} | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|jina{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|jina'''wer'''}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | When the direction irrelevant, either may be used. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ** {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+ap{{tag|post}}|sit'''ap'''}} | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|sita{{tag|n}}+wer{{tag|post}}|sita'''wer'''}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | The suffix « -yan » sometimes occurs on nouns in non-transitive clauses and is used to negate the clause. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ** {{morphTest|tane{{tag|n}}+yan{{tag|neg}}|tane'''yan'''}} | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|bwernabar{{tag|n}}+bwernabar{{tag|neg}}|bwernabar'''yan'''}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | The suffix « -em » occurs on nouns as an instrument. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ** {{morphTest|at{{tag|n}}+em{{tag|ins}}|at'''em'''}} | ||
| + | ** {{morphTest|gin{{tag|n}}+em{{tag|ins}}|gin'''em'''}} | ||
== Verbs == | == Verbs == | ||
Revision as of 13:08, 13 February 2018
(further formatting later)
Nouns
Nouns as suffixes
Nouns occurring as the subject of a sentence typically receive the suffix «-na». However, not every noun receives this inflection.
- Consider the following examples where subjects receive the suffix «-na»
- bangge<n><subj> ↔ banggena
Locational suffixes « -ap » "towards" and « -wer » "away from" occur on nouns.
- jina<n>+ap<post> ↔ jinap
- jina<n>+wer<post> ↔ jinawer
When the direction irrelevant, either may be used.
- sita<n>+ap<post> ↔ sitap
- sita<n>+wer<post> ↔ sitawer
The suffix « -yan » sometimes occurs on nouns in non-transitive clauses and is used to negate the clause.
- tane<n>+yan<neg> ↔ taneyan
- bwernabar<n>+bwernabar<neg> ↔ bwernabaryan
The suffix « -em » occurs on nouns as an instrument.
- at<n>+em<ins> ↔ atem
- gin<n>+em<ins> ↔ ginem
Verbs
Number
Intransitive verbs agree with the subject for dual number by adding the pluralizer word «ge» before the verb.
- jila<v><iv><du> ↔ ge jila
- sofwa<v><iv><du> ↔ ge sofwa
- nasona<v><iv><du> ↔ ge nasona
- fina<v><iv><du> ↔ ge fina
For plurals 4 examples are given, but the pattern isn't clear.
- jila<v><iv><pl> ↔ ge jalbili
- sofwa<v><iv><pl> ↔ ge sofwabili
- nasona<v><iv><pl> ↔ ge nasbawena
- fina<v><iv><pl> ↔ ge fibili
Transitive verbs mark the number of the object.
In dual, the ending appears to be «-sona» for verbs ending in «-(b)ana», which is sometimes accompanied by a vowel change in the stem. There is not enough data to find a pattern for other types of verbs.
- damtana<v><tv><du> ↔ domsona
- saftana<v><tv><du> ↔ sofsona
- nasbana<v><tv><du> ↔ nasona
- telbese<v><tv><du> ↔ telmisi
- wirusu<v><tv><du> ↔ wirsosa
Plural is again difficult to make out.
- damtana<v><tv><pl> ↔ damtabili
- saftana<v><tv><pl> ↔ saftabana
- nasbana<v><tv><pl> ↔ nasbabili
- telbese<v><tv><pl> ↔ telbebesi
- wirusu<v><tv><pl> ↔ wirtababisi
Gender
Many verbs agree with the gender of the object. Some these have a regular suffix alteration between «-bana» and «-bili».
- sarbana<v><tv><f> ↔ sarbili
- eyebana<v><tv><f> ↔ eyebili
- gwebana<v><tv><f> ↔ gwebili
Others undergo stem changes. Some of these are very similar to the suffix alteration.
- gerbana<v><tv><f> ↔ golbili
Whereas others (those ending in «-tana», it seems) change the first syllable and change the suffix to «-ola».
- damtana<v><tv><f> ↔ domola
- saftana<v><tv><f> ↔ sofola
Distance
When the action takes place far away, the infix «-tet-» is inserted before the final syllable. If the verb ends in «-tena» the result is «-tetna», otherwise the «n» is doubled and «-tet-» is inserted between them.
- disultena<v><tv><dst> ↔ disultetna
- gwerana<v><tv><dst> ↔ gwerantetna
