Difference between revisions of "Biak and English/Contrastive grammar"
From LING073
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| − | == | + | ==bhw-eng Tests== |
| − | === | + | === Reordering of Article and Noun === |
| + | Biak sentences order the noun before the article, opposite of English. | ||
| + | |||
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}} | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ras anya|the day}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ras{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}}}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} | ||
| − | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane| | + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}} |
| − | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag| | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|these{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} |
| + | |||
| + | === Verb Tenses === | ||
| + | Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present tense. The future tense is typically indicated with the word ''nari'' which precedes the verb. We will default to marking the verbs as past tense. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rusa anine dores|this deer stood}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} ores{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} stand{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|Ikak aniyasne nyas i|This snake up here smelled it}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} nas{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}} smell{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| − | === | + | === Demonstrative articles === |
| + | Demonstratives in Biak are indicated with the suffixes ''ne'', ''ya'', or ''wa'' on the complex article. | ||
| − | |||
* {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}} | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|mnu ine|this village}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnu{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} village{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} | ||
| Line 16: | Line 27: | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rusa{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}}}} deer{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} | ||
| − | === | + | === Locative Endings === |
| − | === plural === | + | Location of the noun can be indicated by an ending added to the complex article in Biak, translating to an adverb in English. |
| − | === subject is | + | |
| − | === | + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak aniyasne|this snake up here}} |
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+yasne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} up here{{tag|adv}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Plurals === | ||
| + | |||
| + | If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural. | ||
| + | The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|rum nane|these houses}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|rum{{tag|n}} na{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|inan}}{{tag|spc}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} houses{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ina anskoine|these three girls}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ina{{tag|n}} anskoi{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pc}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}|this{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|pl}}}} three{{tag|num}}{{tag|pl}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Implicit Subject === | ||
| + | For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|imnai kwar|it stopped already}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|mnai{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} kwar{{tag|adv}}|it/prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stop{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} already{{tag|adv}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|nggokain|we sit}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|kain{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ex}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} sit{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Possessives === | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Alienable Possession ==== | ||
| + | Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|ikak anine snonsnon vyedya|this snake's name}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|ikak{{tag|n}} i{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}{{tag|giv}}+ne{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}} snonsnon{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}'s{{tag|gen}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|snewar vyedya|his belly}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|snewar{{tag|n}} det{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px3sg}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|spc}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} belly{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==== Inalienable Possession ==== | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|svamri| your mouth}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|sva{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px2sg}}{{tag|sg}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | * {{transferTest|bhw|eng|wesi| my legs}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|bhw|eng|we{{tag|n}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|px1sg}}{{tag|du}}|prpers{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} leg{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| − | |||
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]] | [[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars ]][[Category:Biak]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:09, 13 May 2021
Contents
bhw-eng Tests
Reordering of Article and Noun
Biak sentences order the noun before the article, opposite of English.
- (bhw) ras anya → (eng) the day
- (bhw) ras<n> i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> day<n><sg>
- (bhw) rum nane → (eng) these houses
- (bhw) rum<n> na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>+ne<det><dem> → (eng) these<det><dem><pl> houses<n><pl>
Verb Tenses
Verb tenses are not indicated in Biak, and in general one cannot determine whether a verb is past or present tense. The future tense is typically indicated with the word nari which precedes the verb. We will default to marking the verbs as past tense.
- (bhw) rusa anine dores → (eng) this deer stood
- (bhw) rusa<n> i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc>+ne<det><dem> ores<v><iv><p3><sg> → (eng) this<det><dem><sg> deer<n><sg> stand<vblex><past>
- (bhw) Ikak aniyasne nyas i → (eng) This snake up here smelled it
- (bhw) ikak<n> i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>+yasne<det><dem> nas<v><tv><p3><sg> i<prn><pers><p3><sg> → (eng) this<det><dem><sg> snake<n><sg> up here<adv> smell<vblex><past> prpers<prn><obj><p3><nt><sg>
Demonstrative articles
Demonstratives in Biak are indicated with the suffixes ne, ya, or wa on the complex article.
- (bhw) mnu ine → (eng) this village
- (bhw) mnu<n> i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc>+ne<det><dem> → (eng) this<det><dem><sg> village<n><sg>
- (bhw) rusa anine → (eng) this deer
- (bhw) rusa<n> i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc>+ne<det><dem> → (eng) this<det><dem><sg> deer<n><sg>
Locative Endings
Location of the noun can be indicated by an ending added to the complex article in Biak, translating to an adverb in English.
- (bhw) ikak aniyasne → (eng) this snake up here
- (bhw) ikak<n> i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>+yasne<det><dem> → (eng) this<det><dem><sg> snake<n><sg> up here<adv>
Plurals
If a noun appears with an article, the number of the article indicates whether the noun is singular or plural. The pronominal article can also be a suffix of the noun.
- (bhw) rum nane → (eng) these houses
- (bhw) rum<n> na<prn><pers><p3><pl><inan><spc>+ne<det><dem> → (eng) this<det><dem><pl> houses<n><pl>
- (bhw) ina anskoine → (eng) these three girls
- (bhw) ina<n> anskoi<prn><pers><p3><pc><spc><giv>+ne<det><dem> → (eng) this<det><dem><pl> three<num><pl> girl<n><pl>
Implicit Subject
For Biak sentences lacking an explicit subject, a pronoun is assumed that agrees with the number of the verb.
- (bhw) imnai kwar → (eng) it stopped already
- (bhw) mnai<v><iv><p3><sg> kwar<adv> → (eng) it/prpers<prn><subj><p3><nt><sg> stop<vblex><past> already<adv>
- (bhw) nggokain → (eng) we sit
- (bhw) kain<v><iv><p1><pl><ex> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl> sit<vblex><pres>
Possessives
Alienable Possession
Alienable possession is indicated by a determiner in Biak following the possessum and the possessor noun phrase, although they can come in either order. In English, the possessive is indicated by an "'s" on the possessor or a possessive personal pronoun.
- (bhw) ikak anine snonsnon vyedya → (eng) this snake's name
- (bhw) ikak<n> i<prn><pers><p3><sg><spc><giv>+ne<det><dem> snonsnon<n> det<det><pos><px3sg><sg><spc> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> snake<n><sg>'s<gen> name<n><sg>
- (bhw) snewar vyedya → (eng) his belly
- (bhw) snewar<n> det<det><pos><px3sg><sg><spc> → (eng) prpers<det><pos><p3><m><sg> belly<n><sg>
Inalienable Possession
- (bhw) svamri → (eng) your mouth
- (bhw) sva<n><pos><px2sg><sg> → (eng) prpers<det><pos><p2><mf><sp> mouth<n><sg>
- (bhw) wesi → (eng) my legs
- (bhw) we<n><pos><px1sg><du> → (eng) prpers<det><pos><p1><mf><sg> leg<n><pl>
