Difference between revisions of "Blackfoot/Grammar"
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*{{morphTest|ᓴᔭᑲᘁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|p4}}|ᓴᔭᑲᖽ}} | *{{morphTest|ᓴᔭᑲᘁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nn}}{{tag|p4}}|ᓴᔭᑲᖽ}} | ||
=Intransitive Verbs= | =Intransitive Verbs= | ||
| + | ==Agreement== | ||
| + | The person and number of a verb's subject are marked on the verb. These person markers serve the same function as pronouns do in more isolating languages. Independent pronouns do exist in Blackfoot, but they are typically only used for emphasis. (See section X) | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Verb agreement affixes | |+ Verb agreement affixes | ||
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*{{morphTest|ᖳᐠᔪ{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|p21}}|ᖳᐠᔭ'ᑫ}} | *{{morphTest|ᖳᐠᔪ{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|p21}}|ᖳᐠᔭ'ᑫ}} | ||
*{{morphTest|ᖳᐠᔪ{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|p3}}|ᖳᐠᔪᔦᖷ}} | *{{morphTest|ᖳᐠᔪ{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|p3}}|ᖳᐠᔪᔦᖷ}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Predicate adjectives and nominatives as intransitive verbs== | ||
| + | In Blackfoot, intransitive verbs can serve the same function English's predicate adjectives and nominatives. For example, the qualities of being tall and being a woman are both expressed through verbs. | ||
| + | ===Adjectival verbs=== | ||
| + | *{{morphTest|ᔈᑯᒣ 'tall'{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|p1}}|ᖹᐨᔈᑯᒣ 'I am tall'}} | ||
Revision as of 16:22, 8 February 2017
Nouns
Nouns in Blackfoot can be inflected for grammatical gender (animacy), number particularity, and XXXXX
Noun Inflections
Grammatical Gender
Blackfoot has two noun classes: animate and inanimate.
Inanimate Nouns
Singular inanimate nouns whose stem ends in a vowel take the suffix «ᔪ»
- ᖱ'ᖽᐧᓭᖾ<n><sg><nn> ↔ ᖱ'ᖽᐧᓭᖾᔪ
- ᖹᒪᒐ<n><sg><nn> ↔ ᖹᒪᒐᔪ
- ᒉᒧᐧᖹ<n><sg><nn> ↔ ᒉᒧᐧᖹᔪ
«ᔪ» is realized as «ᖱ» after consonants.
- ᑫᒣᘁ<n><sg><nn> ↔ ᑫᒣᖽ
- ᒍᐡ<n><sg><nn> ↔ ᒍᖹ
- ᓴᔭᑲᘁ<n><sg><nn> ↔ ᓴᔭᑲᖽ
Animate Nouns
Singular animate nouns whose stem ends in a vowel take the suffix «ᖷ»
- ᖻᒣᔭ<n><sg><an> ↔ ᖻᒣᔭᖷ
- ᑲᖺᖿ<n><sg><an> ↔ ᑲᖺᖿᖷ
- ᖿᖾ<n><sg><an> ↔ ᖿᖾᖷ
«ᖷ» is realized as «ᖳ» after consonants
- ᖳᒣᑯᐢ<n><sg><an> ↔ ᖳᒣᑯᒉ
- ᑲᔈ<n><sg><an> ↔ ᑲᓭ
- ᖲᑊᖾᒪᘁ<n><sg><an> ↔ ᖲᑊᖾᒪᖽ
Number
Blackfoot distinguishes between singular and plural nouns.
Inanimate Plurals
Inanimate plurals take the suffix «ᖱᔈᒧᐧ»
- ᓴᔭᑲᖽᖱ'ᖽᐧᓭᖾ<n><pl><nn> ↔ ᓴᔭᑲᖽᖱ'ᖽᐧᓭᖾᐟᔈᒧᐧ
- ᖹᒪᒐ<n><pl><nn> ↔ ᖹᒪᒐᐟᔈᒧᐧ
- ᖲᒉᖽᐧᘁᔈᖾᔪ<n><pl><nn> ↔ ᖲᒉᖽᐧᘁᔈᖾᐟᔈᒧᐧ
Animate Plurals
Animate plurals take the suffix «ᖱᖽᐧ»
- ᖻᒣᔭᖷ<n><pl><an> ↔ ᖻᒣᔭᐟᖽᐧ
- ᑲᖺᖾ<n><pl><an> ↔ ᑲᖺᖾᐟᖽᐧ
- ᖿᖾ<n><pl><an> ↔ ᖿᖾᐟᖽᐧ
Particular vs. Non-Referring
If a noun refers to a specific entity, such as in the sentence 'I like this dog,' it is said to be particular. If it refers to a more general class of entities, such as in the sentence 'I like dogs,' it is said to be non-referring. Particular nouns do not change their form, but non-referring nouns take the suffix «ᖱ»
Non-Referring Nouns
- ᖻᒣᔭ<n><sg><an><nr> ↔ ᖻᒣᔭᐟ
- ᖹᒪᒐ<n><pl><nn><nr> ↔ ᖹᒪᒐᐟ
- ᖻᒣᔭᖷ<n><pl><an><nr> ↔ ᖻᒣᔭᐟ
Major Third Person vs. Minor Third Person
When a sentence has two or more animate nouns, one must be marked major, which indicates that it is more prominent in the current portion of the discourse, and the others must be marked as minor third person, which indicates that they are less prominent. Any animate noun marked by a possessive must by default be demoted to minor third person status. The minor third person may also be referred to as the obviative or the fourth person. For my purposes, I will tag major third person as <p3> and minor third person as <p4>.
Major Third Person
The animate singular suffix «ᖷ» doubles as the major third person suffix.
- ᖻᒣᔭ<n><sg><an><p3> ↔ ᖻᒣᔭᖷ
- ᖹᒪᒐ<n><pl><nn><p3> ↔ ᖹᒪᒐᖷ
- ᖻᒣᔭ<n><pl><an><p3> ↔ ᖻᒣᔭᖷ
Minor Third Person
The minor third person suffix is «ᔪ» , which is realized as «ᖱ» after consonants.
- ᖻᒣᔭ<n><sg><an><p4> ↔ ᖻᒣᔭᔪ
- ᑲᖺᖾ<n><pl><an><p4> ↔ ᑲᖺᖾᔪ
- ᓴᔭᑲᘁ<n><sg><nn><p4> ↔ ᓴᔭᑲᖽ
Intransitive Verbs
Agreement
The person and number of a verb's subject are marked on the verb. These person markers serve the same function as pronouns do in more isolating languages. Independent pronouns do exist in Blackfoot, but they are typically only used for emphasis. (See section X)
| Subject person | <sg> | English | <pl> | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <p1> | ᖹᐨ- | 'I' | ᖹᐨ-...-ᑊᑯᖻᖻ | 'we(excl)' |
| <p2> | ᖽᐨ- | 'you' | ᖽᐨ-...-ᑊᑫ=ᖷ | 'you(pl)' |
| <p21> | -- | -- | -ᖲ'ᑫ | 'we(incl)' |
| <p3> | -ᖷ | '(s)he' | -ᔪ | 'they' |
| <p4> | -ᔪᖹ | '(s)he' | -ᔪ | 'they' |
- ᖳᐠᔪ<vblex><sg><p1> ↔ ᖹᒣᐠᔪ
- ᖳᐠᔪ<vblex><sg><p2> ↔ ᖽᒣᐠᔪ
- ᖳᐠᔪ<vblex><sg><p3> ↔ ᖳᐠᔪᔦᖷ
- ᖳᐠᔪ<vblex><pl><p1> ↔ ᖹᒣᐠᔪᑯᖻᖻ
- ᖳᐠᔪ<vblex><pl><p2> ↔ ᖽᒣᐠᔪᑊᑫᙿᖷ
- ᖳᐠᔪ<vblex><pl><p21> ↔ ᖳᐠᔭ'ᑫ
- ᖳᐠᔪ<vblex><pl><p3> ↔ ᖳᐠᔪᔦᖷ
Predicate adjectives and nominatives as intransitive verbs
In Blackfoot, intransitive verbs can serve the same function English's predicate adjectives and nominatives. For example, the qualities of being tall and being a woman are both expressed through verbs.
Adjectival verbs
- ᔈᑯᒣ 'tall'<vblex><sg><p1> ↔ ᖹᐨᔈᑯᒣ 'I am tall'
