Difference between revisions of "Central Kurdish and English/Contrastive Grammar"
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* {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}} | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگەکان|the dogs}} | ||
| − | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag| | + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|pl}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}} |
* {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}} | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێک|a dog}} | ||
*: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sp}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Verb Conjugation === | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject. This happens for both past and present verbs. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|من هاتم|I came}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|من{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە هاتین|We came}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} هاتن{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} came{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Object Order === | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە نان ئەخۆین|We eat bread}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} نان{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} خواردن{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە ئاو ئەهێنین|We bring water}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئێمە{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} ئاو{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} هێنان{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|We{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}}}} bring{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} water{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} | ||
=== Verb Negation === | === Verb Negation === | ||
| − | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng| | + | Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs. |
| − | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng| | + | |
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو نەچوو|He did not go}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} do{{tag|vaux}}{{tag|past}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|ئەو ناچێت|He is not going}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|ئەو{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}} چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|npast}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|مەچۆ|Do not go}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|چوون{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|imp}}{{tag|neg}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|do{{tag|vbdo}}{{tag|imp}} not{{tag|adv}} go{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Izafa === | ||
| + | |||
| + | The adj+noun pattern in English is manifested in Kurdish as noun+ی+adj. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|سەگێکی گەورە|a big dog}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|سەگ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەورە{{tag|adj}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} dog{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|ckb|eng|رۆژێکی گەرمتر|a warmer day}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|ckb|eng|رۆژ{{tag|n}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}}+ی{{tag|pr}} گەرم{{tag|adj}}{{tag|comp}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} warm{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|comp}} day{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
Latest revision as of 14:16, 6 May 2021
Contents
ckb-eng
Definiteness Marker
In Sorani Kurdish, definiteness is marked by a suffix at the end of a noun instead of a separate determiner.
- (ckb) پیاوەکە → (eng) the man
- (ckb) پیاو<n><def><sg> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> man<n><sg>
- (ckb) پیاوێک → (eng) a man
- (ckb) پیاو<n><ind><sg> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> man<n><sg>
- (ckb) سەگەکان → (eng) the dogs
- (ckb) سەگ<n><def><pl> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> dog<n><pl>
- (ckb) سەگێک → (eng) a dog
- (ckb) سەگ<n><ind><sg> → (eng) a<det><ind><sp> dog<n><sg>
Verb Conjugation
Sorani verbs get a set of suffixes at the end that tie back to the subject. This happens for both past and present verbs.
- (ckb) من هاتم → (eng) I came
- (ckb) من<prn><pers><p1><sg> هاتن<v><iv><past><p1><sg> → (eng) I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg> came<vblex><past>
- (ckb) ئێمە هاتین → (eng) We came
- (ckb) ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl> هاتن<v><iv><past><p1><pl> → (eng) We<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl> came<vblex><past>
Object Order
Sorani Kurdish sentences follow an SOV pattern, meaning that the object precedes the verb phrase.
- (ckb) ئێمە نان ئەخۆین → (eng) We eat bread
- (ckb) ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl> نان<n><sg> خواردن<v><tv><npast><p1><pl> → (eng) We<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl> eat<vblex><pres> bread<n><sg>
- (ckb) ئێمە ئاو ئەهێنین → (eng) We bring water
- (ckb) ئێمە<prn><pers><p1><pl> ئاو<n><sg> هێنان<v><tv><npast><p1><pl> → (eng) We<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl> bring<vblex><pres> water<n><sg>
Verb Negation
Sorani verbs are negated using a negation prefix. The prefixes are نە for past tense, نا for nonpast tense, and مە for imperative verbs.
- (ckb) ئەو نەچوو → (eng) He did not go
- (ckb) ئەو<n><def><sg> چوون<v><iv><past><neg><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><subj><p3><m><sg> do<vaux><past> not<adv> go<vblex><inf>
- (ckb) ئەو ناچێت → (eng) He is not going
- (ckb) ئەو<n><def><sg> چوون<v><iv><npast><neg><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><subj><p3><m><sg> be<vbser><pres><p3><sg> not<adv> go<vblex><ger>
- (ckb) مەچۆ → (eng) Do not go
- (ckb) چوون<v><iv><imp><neg><p2><sg> → (eng) do<vbdo><imp> not<adv> go<vblex><inf>
Izafa
The adj+noun pattern in English is manifested in Kurdish as noun+ی+adj.
- (ckb) سەگێکی گەورە → (eng) a big dog
- (ckb) سەگ<n><ind><sg>+ی<pr> گەورە<adj> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> big<adj><sint> dog<n><sg>
- (ckb) رۆژێکی گەرمتر → (eng) a warmer day
- (ckb) رۆژ<n><ind><sg>+ی<pr> گەرم<adj><comp> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> warm<adj><sint><comp> day<n><sg>
