Difference between revisions of "Chechen/Grammar"

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(Postposition)
(Postposition)
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===Postposition===
 
===Postposition===
 
Postposition {{tag|post}}
 
Postposition {{tag|post}}
*хьалха{{tag|post}}
+
*хьалха{{tag|post}} "before, in front of"
  
 
===Adjective===
 
===Adjective===

Revision as of 00:54, 13 February 2019

Main Parts of Speech in Chechen

Noun

Noun <n>

Noun Class

We use the "six noun-classes" distinction from A Grammar of Chechen by Zura Dotton & John Wagner here [1].

  • v.class <vc> :all v.class nouns are masculine, including all biologically masculine nouns.
  • кӏант<n><vc><sg><abs> "boy"
  • j.class <jc> :it includes all biologically feminine animate nouns and many load words from Russian.
  • йоӏ<n><jc><sg><abs> "girl"
  • j.class II <jc2> :idiosyncratic
  • пхьагал<n><jc2><sg><abs> "rabbit"
  • d.class <dc> :it includes all the most common nouns and are used for the citation form of the classed adjectives and classed verbs in Chechen dictionaries, also including
  • наж<n><dc><sg><abs> "oak"
  • b.class <bc> :idiosyncratic
  • малх<n><bc><sg><abs> "sun"
  • b.class II <bc2> :idiosyncratic
  • Ӏаж<n><bc2><sg><abs> "apple"

Number Feature

  • Singular <sg>
  • кӏант<n><vc><sg><abs> "boy"
  • Plural <pl>
  • кӏантий<n><vc><pl><abs> "boys"

Case

We use the "ten case" distinction from A Grammar of Chechen by Zura Dotton & John Wagner as well [2].

  • Absolutive case <abs> : uninflected form or citation form
  • лом<n><dc><sg><abs> "lion"
  • Ergative case <erg> : mark the subject of a transitive verb
  • лоьман<n><dc><sg><erg>
  • Genitive case <gen> : mark the possessor of another object
  • лоьмана<n><dc><sg><gen>
  • Dative case <dat> : mark recipient of an action or the indirect object and thematic experiencer of a given verb
  • лоьмо<n><dc><sg><dat>
  • Allative case <all> : describe the goal or destination of a given verb, theme of a transitive causative verb and the subject of a verb in potential mood.
  • лоьме<n><dc><sg><all>
  • Instrumental case <ins> : mark the instrument of a given verb
  • лоьмаца<n><dc><sg><ins>
  • Lative case <lat> : denote the source or origin of an action or other nouns, topic or theme of certain verbs and cause or reason of an event.
  • лоьмехь<n><dc><sg><lat>
  • Comparative case <cmp> : exclusively frame a comparative statement
  • лоьмал<n><dc><sg><cmp>
  • Inessive case <ine> : describe static location
  • лоьмахь<n><dc><sg><ine>
  • Ablative case <abl> : denote the physical source or direction of a given verb
  • лоьмара<n><dc><sg><abl>

Pronoun

Pronoun <prn>

Personal Pronoun <pers>

Number Feature

  • Singular <sg>
  • хьо<prn><pers><p2><sg><abs> "you(singular)"
  • Plural <pl>
  • шу<prn><pers><p2><pl><abs> "you(plural)"

Person Feature

  • 1st person <p1>
  • со{tag|prn}}<pers><p1><sg><abs> "I"
  • 2nd person <p2>
  • хьо<prn><pers><p2><sg><abs> "you(singular)"
  • 3rd person <p3>
  • иза<prn><pers><p3><sg><abs> "he/she/it"

Case Feature

  • See the case section in noun category.
  • со<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs> "I"
  • сан<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>
  • суна<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>
  • ас<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>
  • сох<prn><pers><p1><sg><lat>
  • сол<prn><pers><p1><sg><cmp>
  • соьга<prn><pers><p1><sg><all>
  • соьгахь<prn><pers><p1><sg><ine>
  • соьца<prn><pers><p1><sg><ins>

Additional Feature

Only in 1st person plural:
  • inclusive <inc>
  • тхо<prn><pers><p1><pl><inc><abs> "we(inclusive)"
  • exclusive <exc>
  • вай<prn><pers><p1><pl><exc><abs> "we(exclusive)"

Demonstrative Pronoun <dem>

Deictic Feature

  • proximal <prx>
  • хӏара<prn><dem><prx><sg> "this"
  • distal <dst>
  • дІораниг<prn><dem><dst><sg> "that"

Interrogative Pronoun <itg>

  • мила<prn><itg><abs> "who(m)"

Verb

Verb <v>

Transitivity

  • Transitive <tv>
  • Intransitive <iv>

Tense

  • Present <pres>
  • Past <past>
  • Future <fut>
  • Potential Future <ptn>
  • Compound Future: the most widely used future tense and therefore we do not assign another tag for it.
  • Future Continuous: actually using participle

Aspect

  • Imperfective <ipf>
  • Perfective <pf>
  • Progressive <prog>
  • Recent <rec>
  • Remote <rem>

Mood

  • Imperative <imp>
  • Polite imperative <plt>
  • Immediate imperative <imd>
  • Tasked imperative <tsk>
  • Categorical imperative <ctg>
  • Causative <caus>

Evidentiality

  • Witnessed <wit>
  • Unwitnessed <uwit>

Other Verb forms

  • Masdar <dnm>: verbal denominal
  • Case & Number
  • Relative Clausal Participles <rcp> : verb form used to modify
    • Tense: See tense section in verb category

Examples

  • дада<v><iv><pres>
  • малуш<v><tv><pres><prog>
  • мелла<v><tv><pres><pf>
  • мели<v><tv><past><rec><wit>
  • додур<v><iv><fut><ptn>
  • оьцун<v><tv><pres><rcp>

Postposition

Postposition <post>

  • хьалха<post> "before, in front of"

Adjective

Adjectives <adj>

Qualitative (standard) adj

the most common adj type and therefore do not assign tag separately

Relative adj

It has the same morphological form as above and therefore do not have separate tag as well

Class adj <cla>

  • agree in noun-class of the head noun it modifies

Comparative adj<comp>

  • Extended comparative <ext>

Substantivized adj <sub>

  • Independent <idp>
  • Dependent <dp>
  • Case & Number

Adverb

Adverbs <adv>

  • Time <tem>
  • Place <loc>
  • Manner <man>
  • Quantifying <quan>
  • Descriptive <des>

Numeral

Cardinal<car>

  • Gender: see gender in noun category

Ordinal<ord>

Grammar Points

  1. https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf
  2. https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf