Difference between revisions of "Chechen/Grammar"

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(Adverb)
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*Ablative case {{tag|abl}} : denote the physical source or direction of a given verb
 
*Ablative case {{tag|abl}} : denote the physical source or direction of a given verb
 
:*лоьмара{{tag|n}}{{tag|dc}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}
 
:*лоьмара{{tag|n}}{{tag|dc}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abl}}
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*Oblique Case {{tag|obl}}: all other cases except the absolutive one
  
 
===Pronoun===
 
===Pronoun===

Revision as of 01:18, 13 February 2019

Main Parts of Speech in Chechen

Noun

Noun <n>

Noun Class

We use the "six noun-classes" distinction from A Grammar of Chechen by Zura Dotton & John Wagner here [1].

  • v.class <vc> :all v.class nouns are masculine, including all biologically masculine nouns.
  • кӏант<n><vc><sg><abs> "boy"
  • j.class <jc> :it includes all biologically feminine animate nouns and many load words from Russian.
  • йоӏ<n><jc><sg><abs> "girl"
  • j.class II <jc2> :idiosyncratic
  • пхьагал<n><jc2><sg><abs> "rabbit"
  • d.class <dc> :it includes all the most common nouns and are used for the citation form of the classed adjectives and classed verbs in Chechen dictionaries, also including
  • наж<n><dc><sg><abs> "oak"
  • b.class <bc> :idiosyncratic
  • малх<n><bc><sg><abs> "sun"
  • b.class II <bc2> :idiosyncratic
  • Ӏаж<n><bc2><sg><abs> "apple"

Number Feature

  • Singular <sg>
  • кӏант<n><vc><sg><abs> "boy"
  • Plural <pl>
  • кӏантий<n><vc><pl><abs> "boys"

Case

We use the "ten case" distinction from A Grammar of Chechen by Zura Dotton & John Wagner as well [2].

  • Absolutive case <abs> : uninflected form or citation form
  • лом<n><dc><sg><abs> "lion"
  • Ergative case <erg> : mark the subject of a transitive verb
  • лоьман<n><dc><sg><erg>
  • Genitive case <gen> : mark the possessor of another object
  • лоьмана<n><dc><sg><gen>
  • Dative case <dat> : mark recipient of an action or the indirect object and thematic experiencer of a given verb
  • лоьмо<n><dc><sg><dat>
  • Allative case <all> : describe the goal or destination of a given verb, theme of a transitive causative verb and the subject of a verb in potential mood.
  • лоьме<n><dc><sg><all>
  • Instrumental case <ins> : mark the instrument of a given verb
  • лоьмаца<n><dc><sg><ins>
  • Lative case <lat> : denote the source or origin of an action or other nouns, topic or theme of certain verbs and cause or reason of an event.
  • лоьмехь<n><dc><sg><lat>
  • Comparative case <cmp> : exclusively frame a comparative statement
  • лоьмал<n><dc><sg><cmp>
  • Inessive case <ine> : describe static location
  • лоьмахь<n><dc><sg><ine>
  • Ablative case <abl> : denote the physical source or direction of a given verb
  • лоьмара<n><dc><sg><abl>
  • Oblique Case <obl>: all other cases except the absolutive one

Pronoun

Pronoun <prn>

Personal Pronoun <pers>

Number Feature

  • Singular <sg>
  • хьо<prn><pers><p2><sg><abs> "you(singular)"
  • Plural <pl>
  • шу<prn><pers><p2><pl><abs> "you(plural)"

Person Feature

  • 1st person <p1>
  • со{tag|prn}}<pers><p1><sg><abs> "I"
  • 2nd person <p2>
  • хьо<prn><pers><p2><sg><abs> "you(singular)"
  • 3rd person <p3>
  • иза<prn><pers><p3><sg><abs> "he/she/it"

Case Feature

  • See the case section in noun category.
  • со<prn><pers><p1><sg><abs> "I"
  • сан<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen>
  • суна<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat>
  • ас<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg>
  • сох<prn><pers><p1><sg><lat>
  • сол<prn><pers><p1><sg><cmp>
  • соьга<prn><pers><p1><sg><all>
  • соьгахь<prn><pers><p1><sg><ine>
  • соьца<prn><pers><p1><sg><ins>

Additional Feature

Only in 1st person plural:
  • inclusive <inc>
  • тхо<prn><pers><p1><pl><inc><abs> "we(inclusive)"
  • exclusive <exc>
  • вай<prn><pers><p1><pl><exc><abs> "we(exclusive)"

Demonstrative Pronoun <dem>

Deictic Feature

  • proximal <prx>
  • хӏара<prn><dem><prx><sg> "this"
  • distal <dst>
  • дІораниг<prn><dem><dst><sg> "that"

Interrogative Pronoun <itg>

  • мила<prn><itg><abs> "who(m)"

Verb

Verb <v>

Transitivity

  • Transitive <tv>
  • Intransitive <iv>

Tense

  • Present <pres>
  • Past <past>
  • Future <fut>
  • Potential Future <ptn>
  • Compound Future: the most widely used future tense and therefore we do not assign another tag for it.
  • Future Continuous: actually using participle

Aspect

  • Imperfective <ipf>
  • Perfective <pf>
  • Progressive <prog>
  • Recent <rec>
  • Remote <rem>

Mood

  • Imperative <imp>
  • Polite imperative <plt>
  • Immediate imperative <imd>
  • Tasked imperative <tsk>
  • Categorical imperative <ctg>
  • Causative <caus>

Evidentiality

  • Witnessed <wit>
  • Unwitnessed <uwit>

Other Verb forms

  • Masdar <dnm>: verbal denominal
  • Case & Number
  • Relative Clausal Participles <rcp> : verb form used to modify
    • Tense: See tense section in verb category

Examples

  • дада<v><iv><pres>
  • малуш<v><tv><pres><prog>
  • мелла<v><tv><pres><pf>
  • мели<v><tv><past><rec><wit>
  • додур<v><iv><fut><ptn>
  • оьцун<v><tv><pres><rcp>

Postposition

Postposition <post>

  • хьалха<post> "before, in front of"

Adjective

Adjectives <adj>

Qualitative (standard) adj

the most common adj type and therefore do not assign tag separately

  • дика<adj>

Relative adj

  • It has the same morphological form as above and therefore do not have separate tag as well

Class adj <cls>

agree in noun-class of the head noun it modifies

  • деза<adj><cls><dc>

Comparative adj<comp>

  • Extended comparative <ext>
  • хазах<adj><comp> "more beautiful"
  • хазахо<adj><comp><ext> "much more beautiful"

Substantivized adj <sub>

  • Independent <idp>
  • Case & Number
  • Dependent <dp>

Examples

  • кӏайниг<adj><sub><idp><abs><sg>
  • кӏайнчу<adj><sub><dp>

Adverb

Adverbs <adv>

  • Time <tmp>
  • хӏинца<adv><tmp> "now"
  • Place <loc>
  • цигахь<adv><loc> "there"
  • Manner <man>
  • муха<adv><man> "how"
  • Reason <rea>
  • хӏунда<adv><rea> "why"
  • Quantifying <quan>
  • дукха<adv><quan> "a lot"
  • Descriptive <des>
  • дика<adv><des> "well"

Numeral

Cardinal<car>

  • Gender: see gender in noun category

Ordinal<ord>

Grammar Points

  1. https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf
  2. https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf