Chechen/Grammar

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Main Parts of Speech in Chechen

Noun

Noun <n>

Noun Class and Plurality

We use the "six noun-classes" distinction from A Grammar of Chechen by Zura Dotton & John Wagner here [1], and the standard sub-category tags for grammatical number: singular and plural. [2].


  • Singular <sg>
  • Plural <pl>


  • v.class <vc> :all v.class nouns are masculine, including all biologically masculine nouns.
  • <n><vc><sg>
  • <n><vc><pl>
  • j.class <jc> :it includes all biologically feminine animate nouns and many load words from Russian.
  • <n><jc><sg>
  • <n><jc><pl>
  • j.class II <jc2> :idiosyncratic
  • <n><jc2><sg>
  • <n><jc2><pl>
  • d.class <dc> :it includes all the most common nouns and are used for the citation form of the classed adjectives and classed verbs in Chechen dictionaries, also including
  • <n><dc><sg>
  • <n><dc><pl>
  • b.class <bc> :idiosyncratic
  • <n><bc><sg>
  • <n><bc><pl>
  • b.class II <bc2> :idiosyncratic
  • <n><bc2><sg>
  • <n><bc2><pl>

Case

We use the "ten case" distinction from A Grammar of Chechen by Zura Dotton & John Wagner as well [3].

  • Absolutive case <abs> : uninflected form or citation form
  • Ergative case <erg> : mark the subject of a transitive verb
  • Genitive case <gen> : mark the possessor of another object
  • Dative case <dat> : mark recipient of an action or the indirect object and thematic experiencer of a given verb
  • Allative case <all> : describe the goal or destination of a given verb, theme of a transitive causative verb and the subject of a verb in potential mood.
  • Instrumental case <ins> : mark the instrument of a given verb
  • Lative case <lat> : denote the source or origin of an action or other nouns, topic or theme of certain verbs and cause or reason of an event.
  • Comparative case <com> : exclusively frame a comparative statement
  • Inessive case <ine> : describe static location
  • Ablative case <abl> : denote the physical source or direction of a given verb

Pronoun

Pronoun <prn>

1. Personal Pronoun <pers>

Number Feature
  • Singular <sg>
  • Plural <pl>
Person Feature
  • 1st person <p1>
  • 2nd person <p2>
  • 3rd person <p3>
Case Feature
  • See the case section in noun category.
Additional Feature
Only in 1st person plural:
  • inclusive <inc>
  • exclusive <exc>

2. Demonstrative Pronoun <dem>

Deictic Feature
  • proximal <prx>
  • distal <dst>

3. Interrogative Pronoun <itg>

Case Feature
  • See the case section in noun category.

Verb

Verb <v>

Transitivity

  • Transitive <tv>
  • Intransitive <iv>

Tense

  • Present <pres>
  • Past <past>
  • Future <fut>
  • Potential Future <pot>
  • Compound Future: the most widely used future tense and therefore we do not assign another tag for it.
  • Future Continuous: actually using participle, which is discussed later, instead of morphological change.

Aspect

  • Imperfective <ipf>
  • Perfective <pf>
  • Progressive <prog>
  • Recent <rec>
  • Remote <rem>

Mood

  • Imperative <imp>
  • Polite imperative <pol>
  • Immediate imperative <imd>
  • Tasked imperative <tsk>
  • Categorical imperative <cat>
  • Causative <caus>

Evidentiality

  • Witnessed <wit>
  • Unwitnessed <uwit>

Other Verb forms

  • Masdar <msdr>: verbal denominal
  • Relative Clausal Participles <rcp> : verb form used to modify
    • Tense: See tense section in verb category
      • Future continuous <fut><con>
  • Light verbs

Postposition

Adjective

Adverb

Numeral

Grammar Points

  1. https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf
  2. http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Tagset
  3. https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf