Chechen/Grammar

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Main Parts of Speech in Chechen

Noun

Noun <n>

Noun Class and Plurality

We use the "six noun-classes" distinction from A Grammar of Chechen by Zura Dotton & John Wagner here [1], and the standard sub-category tags for grammatical number: singular and plural. [2].


  • Singular <sg>
  • Plural <pl>


  • v.class <vc> :all v.class nouns are masculine, including all biologically masculine nouns.
  • <n><vc><sg>
  • <n><vc><pl>
  • j.class <jc> :it includes all biologically feminine animate nouns and many load words from Russian.
  • <n><jc><sg>
  • <n><jc><pl>
  • j.class II <jc2> :idiosyncratic
  • <n><jc2><sg>
  • <n><jc2><pl>
  • d.class <dc> :it includes all the most common nouns and are used for the citation form of the classed adjectives and classed verbs in Chechen dictionaries, also including
  • <n><dc><sg>
  • <n><dc><pl>
  • b.class <bc> :idiosyncratic
  • <n><bc><sg>
  • <n><bc><pl>
  • b.class II <bc2> :idiosyncratic
  • <n><bc2><sg>
  • <n><bc2><pl>

Case

We use the "ten case" distinction from A Grammar of Chechen by Zura Dotton & John Wagner as well [3].

  • Absolutive case <abs> : uninflected form or citation form
  • Ergative case <erg> : mark the subject of a transitive verb
  • Genitive case <gen> : mark the possessor of another object
  • Dative case <dat> : mark recipient of an action or the indirect object and thematic experiencer of a given verb
  • Allative case <all> : describe the goal or destination of a given verb, theme of a transitive causative verb and the subject of a verb in potential mood.
  • Instrumental case <ins> : mark the instrument of a given verb
  • Lative case <lat> : denote the source or origin of an action or other nouns, topic or theme of certain verbs and cause or reason of an event.
  • Comparative case <com> : exclusively frame a comparative statement
  • Inessive case <ine> : describe static location
  • Ablative case <abl> : denote the physical source or direction of a given verb

Pronoun

Pronoun <prn>

Personal Pronoun <pers>

Number Feature
  • Singular <sg>
  • Plural <pl>
Person Feature
  • 1st person <p1>
  • 2nd person <p2>
  • 3rd person <p3>
Case Feature
  • See the case section in noun category.
Additional Feature
Only in 1st person plural:
  • inclusive <inc>
  • exclusive <exc>

Demonstrative Pronoun <dem>

Deictic Feature
  • proximal <prx>
  • distal <dst>

Interrogative Pronoun <itg>

Case Feature
  • See the case section in noun category.

Verb

Verb <v>

Transitivity

  • Transitive <tv>
  • Intransitive <iv>

Tense

  • Present <pres>
  • Past <past>
  • Future <fut>
  • Potential Future <pot>
  • Compound Future: the most widely used future tense and therefore we do not assign another tag for it.
  • Future Continuous: actually using participle, which is discussed later, instead of morphological change.

Aspect

  • Imperfective <ipf>
  • Perfective <pf>
  • Progressive <prog>
  • Recent <rec>
  • Remote <rem>

Mood

  • Imperative <imp>
  • Polite imperative <pol>
  • Immediate imperative <imd>
  • Tasked imperative <tsk>
  • Categorical imperative <cat>
  • Causative <caus>

Evidentiality

  • Witnessed <wit>
  • Unwitnessed <uwit>

Other Verb forms

  • Masdar <msdr>: verbal denominal
  • Case & Number
  • Relative Clausal Participles <rcp> : verb form used to modify
    • Tense: See tense section in verb category
      • Future continuous <fut><con>
  • Light verbs <ligv>

Postposition

Postposition <post>

  • Could take secondary case suffix: see case in verb category
  • Denominal <den>
  • Deverbal <dev>

Adjective

Adjectives <adj>

Qualitative (standard) adj

the most common adj type and therefore do not assign tag separately

Relative adj

It has the same morphological form as above and therefore do not have separate tag as well

Class adj <cla>

  • agree in noun-class of the head noun it modifies

Comparative adj<comp>

  • Extended comparative <ext>

Substantivized adj <sub>

  • Independent <idp>
  • Dependent <dp>
  • Case & Number

Adverb

Adverbs <adv>

  • Time <tem>
  • Place <loc>
  • Manner <man>
  • Quantifying <quan>
  • Descriptive Template:Tag:des

Numeral

Cardinal<car>

  • Gender: see gender in noun category

Ordinal<ord>

Grammar Points

  1. https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf
  2. http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Tagset
  3. https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/chechen-grammar.original.pdf