Difference between revisions of "Chechen and English/Contrastive Grammar"

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(Simple Present Tense)
 
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==Gender of Pronouns==
 
==Gender of Pronouns==
In Chechen, there is an extra subcategory tag "pers"; there is no distinction of male/female gender in pronouns; instead of distinction between subject/object/possessive, all pronouns are assigned case tags.   
+
In Chechen, there is no distinction of male/female gender in pronouns; instead of distinction between subject/object/possessive, all pronouns are assigned case tags.   
  
 
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Ас|I}}
 
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Ас|I}}
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==Copular Verb==
 
==Copular Verb==
 
In Chechen, copular verb has noun-class distinctions, and no number nor person distinction. But in English it's the opposite: number and person distinction exists but not non-class distinction.  
 
In Chechen, copular verb has noun-class distinctions, and no number nor person distinction. But in English it's the opposite: number and person distinction exists but not non-class distinction.  
*{{transferTest|che|eng|сан цӀе Иван ю.|My name is Ivan.}}
+
*{{transferTest|che|eng|сан цӀе Иван ю|My name is Ivan}}
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|сан{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} цӀе{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} Иван{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} ю{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|cl_j}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} Ivan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
+
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|сан{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} цӀе{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} Иван{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} ю{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|cl_j}}|my{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} Ivan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 
*{{transferTest|che|eng|машина керла ю.|The car is new.}}
 
*{{transferTest|che|eng|машина керла ю.|The car is new.}}
 
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng| машина{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} керла{{tag|adj}} ю{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|cl_j}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} car{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
 
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng| машина{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} керла{{tag|adj}} ю{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|cl_j}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} car{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} new{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
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==Word Order==
 
==Word Order==
 
English is a SVO language and Chechen is a SOV language, which means both lexical verbs and copular verbs occur sentence-finally.
 
English is a SVO language and Chechen is a SOV language, which means both lexical verbs and copular verbs occur sentence-finally.
*{{transferTest|che|eng|сан цӀе Иван ю.|My name is Ivan.}}
+
*{{transferTest|che|eng|сан цӀе Иван ю|My name is Ivan}}
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|сан{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} цӀе{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} Иван{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} ю{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|cl_j}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} Ivan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
+
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|сан{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} цӀе{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} Иван{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} ю{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|cl_j}}|my{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} Ivan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Ас бепиг дина.|I made bread.}}
 
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Ас бепиг дина.|I made bread.}}
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Ас{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|erg}} бепиг{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} дина{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pf}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
+
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Ас{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|erg}} бепиг{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} дина{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|pf}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|subj}} made{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
  
 
==Progressive Construction==
 
==Progressive Construction==
 
In English, the progressive construction has copular verbs preceding the progressive participle; in Chechen, it is the opposite.  
 
In English, the progressive construction has copular verbs preceding the progressive participle; in Chechen, it is the opposite.  
*{{transferTest|che|eng|со бепиг деш ву.| I am making bread.}}
+
*{{transferTest|che|eng|со бепиг деш ву| I am making bread}}
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|со бепиг деш{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|ptcp}} ву{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|cl_v}}.| I am{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} making{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} bread.}}
+
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|со{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} бепиг{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} деш{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|ptcp}} ву{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|cl_v}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|subj}} am{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} making{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} bread{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
*{{transferTest|che|eng|цициг шура молуш ду.| the cat is drinking milk.}}
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*{{transferTest|che|eng|цициг шура молуш ду| the cat is drinking milk}}
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|цициг шура молуш{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|ptcp}} ду{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|cl_d}}.| the cat is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} drinking{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} milk.}}
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::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|цициг{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_d}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} шура{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_u}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} молуш{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|prog}}{{tag|ptcp}} ду{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|cl_d}}| the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} cat{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} drinking{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pprs}} milk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
  
 
==Recent/remote Distinction in Past Tense==
 
==Recent/remote Distinction in Past Tense==
 
There is a remote/recent distinction within past tense in Chechen but it does not exist in English.
 
There is a remote/recent distinction within past tense in Chechen but it does not exist in English.
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьтти| Zarema poured me some tea.}}
+
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьтти| Zarema poured me some tea}}
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьтти{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|rec}}| Zarema poured{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} me some tea.}}
+
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Заремас{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|erg}}{{tag|sg}} суна{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}} чай{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_d}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} доьтти{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|rec}}| Zarema{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} poured{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} some{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|sp}} tea{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьттира| Zarema poured me some tea.}}
+
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьттира| Zarema poured me some tea}}
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьттира{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|rem}}| Zarema poured{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} me some tea.}}
+
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Заремас{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|erg}}{{tag|sg}} суна{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}} чай{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_d}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} доьттира{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|rem}}| Zarema poured{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} some{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|sp}} tea{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
==Simple Present Tense==
 +
There is no person/gender/number agreement between verb forms of simple present tense and subjects.  
 +
*{{transferTest|che|eng|цо газет доьшу| he reads newspaper}}
 +
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|цо{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|erg}} газет{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_d}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} доьшу{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|subj}} reads{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} newspaper{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Аслан школе воьду| Aslan goes to school}}
 +
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Аслан{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} школе{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|all}}{{tag|sg}} воьду{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}| Aslan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} goes{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} to school{{tag|adv}}}}
 
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]
 
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]]
 
[[Category:English]]
 
[[Category:English]]
 
[[Category:Chechen]]
 
[[Category:Chechen]]

Latest revision as of 10:27, 9 April 2019

Gender of Pronouns

In Chechen, there is no distinction of male/female gender in pronouns; instead of distinction between subject/object/possessive, all pronouns are assigned case tags.

  • (che) Ас → (eng) I
(che) ас<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg> → (eng) I<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><subj>
  • (che) иза → (eng) he
(che) иза<prn><pers><p3><sg><abs> → (eng) he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><subj>

Copular Verb

In Chechen, copular verb has noun-class distinctions, and no number nor person distinction. But in English it's the opposite: number and person distinction exists but not non-class distinction.

  • (che) сан цӀе Иван ю → (eng) My name is Ivan
(che) сан<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen> цӀе<n><cl_j><abs><sg> Иван<np><ant><abs><sg> ю<v><cpl><pres><cl_j> → (eng) my<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><pos> name<n><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> Ivan<np><ant><m><sg>
  • (che) машина керла ю. → (eng) The car is new.
(che) машина<n><cl_j><abs><sg> керла<adj> ю<v><cpl><pres><cl_j> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> car<n><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> new<adj><sint>

Word Order

English is a SVO language and Chechen is a SOV language, which means both lexical verbs and copular verbs occur sentence-finally.

  • (che) сан цӀе Иван ю → (eng) My name is Ivan
(che) сан<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen> цӀе<n><cl_j><abs><sg> Иван<np><ant><abs><sg> ю<v><cpl><cl_j> → (eng) my<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><pos> name<n><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> Ivan<np><ant><m><sg>
  • (che) Ас бепиг дина. → (eng) I made bread.
(che) Ас<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg> бепиг<n><cl_j><abs><sg> дина<v><tv><pres><pf> → (eng) I<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><subj> made<vblex><past> bread<n><sg>

Progressive Construction

In English, the progressive construction has copular verbs preceding the progressive participle; in Chechen, it is the opposite.

  • (che) со бепиг деш ву → (eng) I am making bread
(che) со<prn><pers><p1><abs><sg> бепиг<n><cl_j><abs><sg> деш<v><tv><prog><ptcp> ву<v><cpl><pres><cl_v> → (eng) I<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><subj> am<vbser><pres><p1><sg> making<vblex><pprs> bread<n><sg>
  • (che) цициг шура молуш ду → (eng) the cat is drinking milk
(che) цициг<n><cl_d><abs><sg> шура<n><cl_u><abs><sg> молуш<v><tv><prog><ptcp> ду<v><cpl><pres><cl_d> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> cat<n><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> drinking<vblex><pprs> milk<n><sg>

Recent/remote Distinction in Past Tense

There is a remote/recent distinction within past tense in Chechen but it does not exist in English.

  • (che) Заремас суна чай доьтти → (eng) Zarema poured me some tea
(che) Заремас<np><ant><erg><sg> суна<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat> чай<n><cl_d><abs><sg> доьтти<v><tv><past><rec> → (eng) Zarema<np><ant><f><sg> poured<vblex><past> me<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><obj> some<det><qnt><sp> tea<n><sg>
  • (che) Заремас суна чай доьттира → (eng) Zarema poured me some tea
(che) Заремас<np><ant><erg><sg> суна<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat> чай<n><cl_d><abs><sg> доьттира<v><tv><past><rem> → (eng) Zarema poured<vblex><past> me<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><obj> some<det><qnt><sp> tea<n><sg>

Simple Present Tense

There is no person/gender/number agreement between verb forms of simple present tense and subjects.

  • (che) цо газет доьшу → (eng) he reads newspaper
(che) цо<prn><pers><p3><sg><erg> газет<n><cl_d><abs><sg> доьшу<v><tv><pres> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg><subj> reads<vblex><pres><p3><sg> newspaper<n><sg>
  • (che) Аслан школе воьду → (eng) Aslan goes to school
(che) Аслан<np><ant><abs><sg> школе<n><cl_j><all><sg> воьду<v><iv><pres> → (eng) Aslan<np><ant><m><sg> goes<vblex><pres><p3><sg> to school<adv>