Difference between revisions of "Chechen and English/Contrastive Grammar"
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==Word Order== | ==Word Order== | ||
English is a SVO language and Chechen is a SOV language, which means both lexical verbs and copular verbs occur sentence-finally. | English is a SVO language and Chechen is a SOV language, which means both lexical verbs and copular verbs occur sentence-finally. | ||
− | *{{transferTest|che|eng|сан цӀе Иван ю | + | *{{transferTest|che|eng|сан цӀе Иван ю|My name is Ivan}} |
::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|сан{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} цӀе{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} Иван{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} ю{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|cl_j}}|my{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} Ivan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|сан{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}} цӀе{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} Иван{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} ю{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|cl_j}}|my{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} name{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} Ivan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
*{{transferTest|che|eng|Ас бепиг дина.|I made bread.}} | *{{transferTest|che|eng|Ас бепиг дина.|I made bread.}} | ||
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==Recent/remote Distinction in Past Tense== | ==Recent/remote Distinction in Past Tense== | ||
There is a remote/recent distinction within past tense in Chechen but it does not exist in English. | There is a remote/recent distinction within past tense in Chechen but it does not exist in English. | ||
− | *{{transferTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьтти| Zarema poured me some tea | + | *{{transferTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьтти| Zarema poured me some tea}} |
− | ::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьтти{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|rec}}| Zarema poured{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} me some tea | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Заремас{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|erg}}{{tag|sg}} суна{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}} чай{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_d}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} доьтти{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|rec}}| Zarema{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} poured{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} some{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|sp}} tea{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} |
− | *{{transferTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьттира| Zarema poured me some tea | + | *{{transferTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьттира| Zarema poured me some tea}} |
− | ::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Заремас суна чай доьттира{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|rem}}| Zarema poured{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} me some tea.}} | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Заремас{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|erg}}{{tag|sg}} суна{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|dat}} чай{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_d}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} доьттира{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|rem}}| Zarema poured{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}} me{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obj}} some{{tag|det}}{{tag|qnt}}{{tag|sp}} tea{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} |
+ | |||
+ | ==Simple Present Tense== | ||
+ | There is no person/gender/number agreement between verb forms of simple present tense and subjects. | ||
+ | *{{transferTest|che|eng|цо газет доьшу| he reads newspaper}} | ||
+ | ::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|цо{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|erg}} газет{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_d}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} доьшу{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}| he{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|subj}} reads{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} newspaper{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
+ | *{{transferTest|che|eng|Аслан школе воьду| Aslan goes to school}} | ||
+ | ::{{transferMorphTest|che|eng|Аслан{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|abs}}{{tag|sg}} школе{{tag|n}}{{tag|cl_j}}{{tag|all}}{{tag|sg}} воьду{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}{{tag|pres}}| Aslan{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} goes{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} to school{{tag|adv}}}} | ||
[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] | [[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] | ||
[[Category:English]] | [[Category:English]] | ||
[[Category:Chechen]] | [[Category:Chechen]] |
Latest revision as of 10:27, 9 April 2019
Contents
Gender of Pronouns
In Chechen, there is no distinction of male/female gender in pronouns; instead of distinction between subject/object/possessive, all pronouns are assigned case tags.
- (che) Ас → (eng) I
- (che) ас<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg> → (eng) I<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><subj>
- (che) иза → (eng) he
- (che) иза<prn><pers><p3><sg><abs> → (eng) he<prn><pers><p3><m><sg><subj>
Copular Verb
In Chechen, copular verb has noun-class distinctions, and no number nor person distinction. But in English it's the opposite: number and person distinction exists but not non-class distinction.
- (che) сан цӀе Иван ю → (eng) My name is Ivan
- (che) сан<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen> цӀе<n><cl_j><abs><sg> Иван<np><ant><abs><sg> ю<v><cpl><pres><cl_j> → (eng) my<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><pos> name<n><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> Ivan<np><ant><m><sg>
- (che) машина керла ю. → (eng) The car is new.
- (che) машина<n><cl_j><abs><sg> керла<adj> ю<v><cpl><pres><cl_j> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> car<n><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> new<adj><sint>
Word Order
English is a SVO language and Chechen is a SOV language, which means both lexical verbs and copular verbs occur sentence-finally.
- (che) сан цӀе Иван ю → (eng) My name is Ivan
- (che) сан<prn><pers><p1><sg><gen> цӀе<n><cl_j><abs><sg> Иван<np><ant><abs><sg> ю<v><cpl><cl_j> → (eng) my<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><pos> name<n><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> Ivan<np><ant><m><sg>
- (che) Ас бепиг дина. → (eng) I made bread.
- (che) Ас<prn><pers><p1><sg><erg> бепиг<n><cl_j><abs><sg> дина<v><tv><pres><pf> → (eng) I<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><subj> made<vblex><past> bread<n><sg>
Progressive Construction
In English, the progressive construction has copular verbs preceding the progressive participle; in Chechen, it is the opposite.
- (che) со бепиг деш ву → (eng) I am making bread
- (che) со<prn><pers><p1><abs><sg> бепиг<n><cl_j><abs><sg> деш<v><tv><prog><ptcp> ву<v><cpl><pres><cl_v> → (eng) I<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><subj> am<vbser><pres><p1><sg> making<vblex><pprs> bread<n><sg>
- (che) цициг шура молуш ду → (eng) the cat is drinking milk
- (che) цициг<n><cl_d><abs><sg> шура<n><cl_u><abs><sg> молуш<v><tv><prog><ptcp> ду<v><cpl><pres><cl_d> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> cat<n><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> drinking<vblex><pprs> milk<n><sg>
Recent/remote Distinction in Past Tense
There is a remote/recent distinction within past tense in Chechen but it does not exist in English.
- (che) Заремас суна чай доьтти → (eng) Zarema poured me some tea
- (che) Заремас<np><ant><erg><sg> суна<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat> чай<n><cl_d><abs><sg> доьтти<v><tv><past><rec> → (eng) Zarema<np><ant><f><sg> poured<vblex><past> me<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><obj> some<det><qnt><sp> tea<n><sg>
- (che) Заремас суна чай доьттира → (eng) Zarema poured me some tea
- (che) Заремас<np><ant><erg><sg> суна<prn><pers><p1><sg><dat> чай<n><cl_d><abs><sg> доьттира<v><tv><past><rem> → (eng) Zarema poured<vblex><past> me<prn><pers><p1><mf><sg><obj> some<det><qnt><sp> tea<n><sg>
Simple Present Tense
There is no person/gender/number agreement between verb forms of simple present tense and subjects.
- (che) цо газет доьшу → (eng) he reads newspaper
- (che) цо<prn><pers><p3><sg><erg> газет<n><cl_d><abs><sg> доьшу<v><tv><pres> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg><subj> reads<vblex><pres><p3><sg> newspaper<n><sg>
- (che) Аслан школе воьду → (eng) Aslan goes to school
- (che) Аслан<np><ant><abs><sg> школе<n><cl_j><all><sg> воьду<v><iv><pres> → (eng) Aslan<np><ant><m><sg> goes<vblex><pres><p3><sg> to school<adv>