Difference between revisions of "Danish and English/Contrastive Grammar"

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==Dan-Eng tests==
 
==Dan-Eng tests==
 
===Gender and Indefinite Articles===
 
===Gender and Indefinite Articles===
Danish nouns are either common gender or neuter gender while English nouns are genderless. The corresponding indefinite article for a Danish nouns is either "en" if it is common gender or "er" if it is neuter gender. The corresponding indefinite article for an English noun is always "a".
+
Danish nouns are either common gender or neuter gender while English nouns are genderless. The corresponding indefinite article for a Danish noun is either "en" if it is common gender or "et" if it is neuter gender. The corresponding indefinite article for an English noun is always "a".
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|en pige|a girl}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|et hus|a house}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
Both English and Danish typically refrain from use of indefinite articles in the plural.
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|piger|girls}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|huse|houses}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
{{comment|this second part isn't really necessary, since it's not a difference between the languages, but it certainly doesn't hurt to have it}}
 +
 
 +
===Gender, Number and Definite Articles===
 +
The Danish definite article is also marked for gender, as well as number - "den" (common), "det" (neuter), and "de" (plural). However, definite articles are only used with adjectives. English has only one definite article, "the".
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|den store pige|the big girl}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|det store hus|the big house}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de store piger|the big girls}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de store huse|the big houses}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
===Noun Inflection===
 +
Danish nouns inflect for number and definiteness, with morphology depending on phonological shape as well as gender. Plurality is marked by -(e)n, -e, or left unmarked according to a complex suite of of phonological rules. Other orthographic changes, such as doubling final consonants, may take place as well. Definiteness is marked by -(e)n for singular common nouns, -(e)t for singular neuter nouns, and -ne for other nouns. Nouns are only marked for definiteness when no adjective is present. English nouns only inflect for number, typically marking plural via suffixation of -(e)s.
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|en pige|a girl}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|et hus|a house}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|piger|girls}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|huse|houses}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen|the girl}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|huset|the house}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|pigerne|the girls}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|husene|the houses}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
===Adjective Inflection===
 +
Danish adjectives are marked for the gender, number, and definiteness of the noun they describe. Adjectives modifying indefinite singular common nouns are unmarked, those modifying indefinite singular neuter nouns take a suffix -t, and all others have a suffix -e. English adjectives have no morphological alternation.
  
 
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|en stor pige|a big girl}}
 
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|en stor pige|a big girl}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
  
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|pigen er stor|the girl is big}}
+
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|et stort hus|a big house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng|}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|store piger|big girls}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|store huse|big houses}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|den store pige|the big girl}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|det store hus|the big house}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de store piger|the big girls}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de store huse|the big houses}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}}}
 +
 
 +
===Verb Conjugation===
 +
English verbs have some subject marking in the present tense, marking a third person singular subject with -s. Danish never conjugates verbs for subject.
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|hun spiser|she eats}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| hun{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} spise{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|dan|eng|de spiser|they eat}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|dan|eng| de{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} spise{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}}|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}
 +
 
 +
{{comment|these all look great!}}
  
 
==Eng-Dan tests==
 
==Eng-Dan tests==
 
===Gender and Indefinite Articles===
 
===Gender and Indefinite Articles===
Danish nouns are either common gender or neuter gender while English nouns are genderless. The corresponding indefinite article for a Danish nouns is either "en" if it is common gender or "er" if it is neuter gender. The corresponding indefinite article for an English noun is always "a".
+
Danish nouns are either common gender or neuter gender while English nouns are genderless. The corresponding indefinite article for a Danish nouns is either "en" if it is common gender or "et" if it is neuter gender. The corresponding indefinite article for an English noun is always "a".
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a girl|en pige}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a house|et hus}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
Both English and Danish typically refrain from use of indefinite articles in the plural.
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|girls|piger}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|houses|huse}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
===Gender, Number and Definite Articles===
 +
The Danish definite article is also marked for gender, as well as number - "den" (common), "det" (neuter), and "de" (plural). However, definite articles are only used with adjectives. English has only one definite article, "the".
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big girl|den store pige}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big house|det store hus}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big girls|de store piger}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big houses|de store huse}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
===Noun Inflection===
 +
Danish nouns inflect for number and definiteness, with morphology depending on phonological shape as well as gender. Plurality is marked by -(e)n, -e, or left unmarked according to a complex suite of of phonological rules. Other orthographic changes, such as doubling final consonants, may take place as well. Definiteness is marked by -(e)n for singular common nouns, -(e)t for singular neuter nouns, and -ne for other nouns. Nouns are only marked for definiteness when no adjective is present. English nouns only inflect for number, typically marking plural via suffixation of -(e)s.
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a girl|en pige}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a house|et hus}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|girls|piger}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|houses|huse}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl|pigen}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the house|huset}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|def}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girls|pigerne}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}}}
 +
 
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the houses|husene}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|def}}}}
 +
 
 +
===Adjective Inflection===
 +
Danish adjectives are marked for the gender, number, and definiteness of the noun they describe. Adjectives modifying indefinite singular common nouns are unmarked, those modifying indefinite singular neuter nouns take a suffix -t, and all others have a suffix -e. English adjectives have no morphological alternation.
  
 
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a big girl|en stor pige}}
 
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a big girl|en stor pige}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| en{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
  
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|a big house|et stort hus}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|a{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|big girls|store piger}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|big houses|store huse}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big girl|den store pige}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|def}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big house|det store hus}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|sp}}{{tag|def}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big girls|de store piger}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} pige{{tag|n}}{{tag|ut}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the big houses|de store huse}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}| den{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}} stor{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}{{tag|pst}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}} hus{{tag|n}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|ind}}}}
 +
 +
===Verb Conjugation===
 +
English verbs have some subject marking in the present tense, marking a third person singular subject with -s. Danish never conjugates verbs for subject.
  
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|the girl is big|pigen er stor}}
+
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|she eats|hun spiser}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|the{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sp}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} big{{tag|adj}}{{tag|sint}}}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}| hun{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} spise{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}}}}
  
 +
*{{transferTest|eng|dan|they eat|de spiser}}
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|eng|dan|prpers{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|pl}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}| de{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|un}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} spise{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|imp}}}}
  
 
[[Category:sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]
 
[[Category:sp18_ContrastiveGrammars]]

Latest revision as of 20:03, 30 March 2018

Dan-Eng tests

Gender and Indefinite Articles

Danish nouns are either common gender or neuter gender while English nouns are genderless. The corresponding indefinite article for a Danish noun is either "en" if it is common gender or "et" if it is neuter gender. The corresponding indefinite article for an English noun is always "a".

  • (dan) en pige → (eng) a girl
    (dan) en<det><ind><ut><sg> pige<n><ut><sg><ind> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> girl<n><sg>
  • (dan) et hus → (eng) a house
    (dan) en<det><ind><nt><sg> hus<n><nt><sg><ind> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> house<n><sg>

Both English and Danish typically refrain from use of indefinite articles in the plural.

  • (dan) piger → (eng) girls
    (dan) pige<n><ut><pl><ind> → (eng) girl<n><pl>
  • (dan) huse → (eng) houses
    (dan) hus<n><nt><pl><ind> → (eng) house<n><pl>

this second part isn't really necessary, since it's not a difference between the languages, but it certainly doesn't hurt to have it

Gender, Number and Definite Articles

The Danish definite article is also marked for gender, as well as number - "den" (common), "det" (neuter), and "de" (plural). However, definite articles are only used with adjectives. English has only one definite article, "the".

  • (dan) den store pige → (eng) the big girl
    (dan) den<det><dem><ut><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><sp><def> pige<n><ut><sg><ind> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><sg>
  • (dan) det store hus → (eng) the big house
    (dan) den<det><dem><nt><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><sp><def> hus<n><nt><sg><ind> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> house<n><sg>
  • (dan) de store piger → (eng) the big girls
    (dan) den<det><dem><un><pl> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> pige<n><ut><pl><ind> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><pl>
  • (dan) de store huse → (eng) the big houses
    (dan) den<det><dem><un><pl> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> hus<n><nt><pl><ind> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> house<n><pl>

Noun Inflection

Danish nouns inflect for number and definiteness, with morphology depending on phonological shape as well as gender. Plurality is marked by -(e)n, -e, or left unmarked according to a complex suite of of phonological rules. Other orthographic changes, such as doubling final consonants, may take place as well. Definiteness is marked by -(e)n for singular common nouns, -(e)t for singular neuter nouns, and -ne for other nouns. Nouns are only marked for definiteness when no adjective is present. English nouns only inflect for number, typically marking plural via suffixation of -(e)s.

  • (dan) en pige → (eng) a girl
    (dan) en<det><ind><ut><sg> pige<n><ut><sg><ind> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> girl<n><sg>
  • (dan) et hus → (eng) a house
    (dan) en<det><ind><nt><sg> hus<n><nt><sg><ind> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> house<n><sg>
  • (dan) piger → (eng) girls
    (dan) pige<n><ut><pl><ind> → (eng) girl<n><pl>
  • (dan) huse → (eng) houses
    (dan) hus<n><nt><pl><ind> → (eng) house<n><pl>
  • (dan) pigen → (eng) the girl
    (dan) pige<n><ut><sg><def> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> girl<n><sg>
  • (dan) huset → (eng) the house
    (dan) hus<n><nt><sg><def> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> house<n><sg>
  • (dan) pigerne → (eng) the girls
    (dan) pige<n><ut><pl><def> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> girl<n><pl>
  • (dan) husene → (eng) the houses
    (dan) hus<n><nt><pl><def> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> house<n><pl>

Adjective Inflection

Danish adjectives are marked for the gender, number, and definiteness of the noun they describe. Adjectives modifying indefinite singular common nouns are unmarked, those modifying indefinite singular neuter nouns take a suffix -t, and all others have a suffix -e. English adjectives have no morphological alternation.

  • (dan) en stor pige → (eng) a big girl
    (dan) en<det><ind><ut><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><ut><sg><ind> pige<n><ut><sg><ind> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> big<adj><sint> girl<n><sg>
  • (dan) et stort hus → (eng) a big house
    (dan) den<det><dem><nt><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><nt><sg><ind> hus<n><nt><sg><ind> → (eng) a<det><ind><sg> big<adj><sint> house<n><sg>
  • (dan) store piger → (eng) big girls
    (dan) stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> pige<n><ut><pl><ind> → (eng) big<adj><sint> girl<n><pl>
  • (dan) store huse → (eng) big houses
    (dan) stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> hus<n><nt><pl><ind> → (eng) big<adj><sint> house<n><pl>
  • (dan) den store pige → (eng) the big girl
    (dan) den<det><dem><ut><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><sp><def> pige<n><ut><sg><ind> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><sg>
  • (dan) det store hus → (eng) the big house
    (dan) den<det><dem><nt><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><sp><def> hus<n><nt><sg><ind> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> house<n><sg>
  • (dan) de store piger → (eng) the big girls
    (dan) den<det><dem><un><pl> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> pige<n><ut><pl><ind> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><pl>
  • (dan) de store huse → (eng) the big houses
    (dan) den<det><dem><un><pl> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> hus<n><nt><pl><ind> → (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><pl>

Verb Conjugation

English verbs have some subject marking in the present tense, marking a third person singular subject with -s. Danish never conjugates verbs for subject.

  • (dan) hun spiser → (eng) she eats
    (dan) hun<prn><pers><p3><f><sg><nom> spise<vblex><imp> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p3><f><sg> eat<vblex><pres><p3><sg>
  • (dan) de spiser → (eng) they eat
    (dan) de<prn><pers><p3><un><pl><nom> spise<vblex><imp> → (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl> eat<vblex><pres>

these all look great!

Eng-Dan tests

Gender and Indefinite Articles

Danish nouns are either common gender or neuter gender while English nouns are genderless. The corresponding indefinite article for a Danish nouns is either "en" if it is common gender or "et" if it is neuter gender. The corresponding indefinite article for an English noun is always "a".

  • (eng) a girl → (dan) en pige
    (eng) a<det><ind><sg> girl<n><sg> → (dan) en<det><ind><ut><sg> pige<n><ut><sg><ind>
  • (eng) a house → (dan) et hus
    (eng) a<det><ind><sg> house<n><sg> → (dan) en<det><ind><nt><sg> hus<n><nt><sg><ind>

Both English and Danish typically refrain from use of indefinite articles in the plural.

  • (eng) girls → (dan) piger
    (eng) girl<n><pl> → (dan) pige<n><ut><pl><ind>
  • (eng) houses → (dan) huse
    (eng) house<n><pl> → (dan) hus<n><nt><pl><ind>

Gender, Number and Definite Articles

The Danish definite article is also marked for gender, as well as number - "den" (common), "det" (neuter), and "de" (plural). However, definite articles are only used with adjectives. English has only one definite article, "the".

  • (eng) the big girl → (dan) den store pige
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><sg> → (dan) den<det><dem><ut><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><sp><def> pige<n><ut><sg><ind>
  • (eng) the big house → (dan) det store hus
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> house<n><sg> → (dan) den<det><dem><nt><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><sp><def> hus<n><nt><sg><ind>
  • (eng) the big girls → (dan) de store piger
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><pl> → (dan) den<det><dem><un><pl> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> pige<n><ut><pl><ind>
  • (eng) the big houses → (dan) de store huse
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> house<n><pl> → (dan) den<det><dem><un><pl> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> hus<n><nt><pl><ind>

Noun Inflection

Danish nouns inflect for number and definiteness, with morphology depending on phonological shape as well as gender. Plurality is marked by -(e)n, -e, or left unmarked according to a complex suite of of phonological rules. Other orthographic changes, such as doubling final consonants, may take place as well. Definiteness is marked by -(e)n for singular common nouns, -(e)t for singular neuter nouns, and -ne for other nouns. Nouns are only marked for definiteness when no adjective is present. English nouns only inflect for number, typically marking plural via suffixation of -(e)s.

  • (eng) a girl → (dan) en pige
    (eng) a<det><ind><sg> girl<n><sg> → (dan) en<det><ind><ut><sg> pige<n><ut><sg><ind>
  • (eng) a house → (dan) et hus
    (eng) a<det><ind><sg> house<n><sg> → (dan) en<det><ind><nt><sg> hus<n><nt><sg><ind>
  • (eng) girls → (dan) piger
    (eng) girl<n><pl> → (dan) pige<n><ut><pl><ind>
  • (eng) houses → (dan) huse
    (eng) house<n><pl> → (dan) hus<n><nt><pl><ind>
  • (eng) the girl → (dan) pigen
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> girl<n><sg> → (dan) pige<n><ut><sg><def>
  • (eng) the house → (dan) huset
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> house<n><sg> → (dan) hus<n><nt><sg><def>
  • (eng) the girls → (dan) pigerne
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> girl<n><pl> → (dan) pige<n><ut><pl><def>
  • (eng) the houses → (dan) husene
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> house<n><pl> → (dan) hus<n><nt><pl><def>

Adjective Inflection

Danish adjectives are marked for the gender, number, and definiteness of the noun they describe. Adjectives modifying indefinite singular common nouns are unmarked, those modifying indefinite singular neuter nouns take a suffix -t, and all others have a suffix -e. English adjectives have no morphological alternation.

  • (eng) a big girl → (dan) en stor pige
    (eng) a<det><ind><sg> big<adj><sint> girl<n><sg> → (dan) en<det><ind><ut><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><ut><sg><ind> pige<n><ut><sg><ind>
  • (eng) a big house → (dan) et stort hus
    (eng) a<det><ind><sg> big<adj><sint> house<n><sg> → (dan) den<det><dem><nt><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><nt><sg><ind> hus<n><nt><sg><ind>
  • (eng) big girls → (dan) store piger
    (eng) big<adj><sint> girl<n><pl> → (dan) stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> pige<n><ut><pl><ind>
  • (eng) big houses → (dan) store huse
    (eng) big<adj><sint> house<n><pl> → (dan) stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> hus<n><nt><pl><ind>
  • (eng) the big girl → (dan) den store pige
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><sg> → (dan) den<det><dem><ut><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><sp><def> pige<n><ut><sg><ind>
  • (eng) the big house → (dan) det store hus
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> house<n><sg> → (dan) den<det><dem><nt><sg> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><sp><def> hus<n><nt><sg><ind>
  • (eng) the big girls → (dan) de store piger
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><pl> → (dan) den<det><dem><un><pl> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> pige<n><ut><pl><ind>
  • (eng) the big houses → (dan) de store huse
    (eng) the<det><def><sp> big<adj><sint> girl<n><pl> → (dan) den<det><dem><un><pl> stor<adj><sint><pst><un><pl><ind> hus<n><nt><pl><ind>

Verb Conjugation

English verbs have some subject marking in the present tense, marking a third person singular subject with -s. Danish never conjugates verbs for subject.

  • (eng) she eats → (dan) hun spiser
    (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p3><f><sg> eat<vblex><pres><p3><sg> → (dan) hun<prn><pers><p3><f><sg><nom> spise<vblex><imp>
  • (eng) they eat → (dan) de spiser
    (eng) prpers<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl> eat<vblex><pres> → (dan) de<prn><pers><p3><un><pl><nom> spise<vblex><imp>