Kaingang/Grammar

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Parts of Speech

Conjunctions

ge ra - 'as so'; 'even so' hã jé - 'for this end' hã kato - ‘instead of this' hã kỹ - 'because of this' hã ra - 'but, on the contrary of' hã ri - ‘similar to’ hã to - ‘instead of’ hã tugrĩn - ‘por isso’ hã tỹ - ‘por isso’ jarĩnmỹ - ‘apesar’ jãvo - ‘ao contrário de, mas’ jo - ‘but’ kỹ - ‘então, por isso, para esse fim’ mũ ra - 'as so'; 'even so' mỹr’ - ‘meanwhile’

Interjections

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

: Indefinite marker

Nouns

Verbs

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs need an object.

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs can't have an object.

Semitransitive Verbs

Semitransitive verbs need a posposition.

Markers

Aspect Markers

Perfective Aspect Markers

Imperfective Aspect Markers

Indicators of Circumstance

Modality Markers

Follows only verbs

Follows verbs, nouns, and other modality markers

Grammatical Mood Markers

Kaingang Approximate Meaning
inhhã ‘only, focus marker’
ge ‘thus’
‘as well’
ha ’now’
‘assertive focus, assertive’
hẽ ‘don't do!’
hẽ’ ‘it can't be done!’
hur ‘already’
huri ‘already’
hỹn ‘probably’
hỹn ‘where?’
ker ‘continued habitually, does not stop happening’
kur ‘fast,quickly, hurriedly’
mỹr ‘it's true, truthfully’
nẽji ‘as I have heard, it is said’
sir ‘thus, important information’
-' ‘doubtedly, emphatic focus marker, assertive’
[Diccionario PT-KG, p159]

Subject Markers

Singular and Plural